The fight against dirty air and water - what is commonly called the harmful effects of the environment and poor ecology - is becoming more relevant today than ever. Not a day goes by without news channels sharing information about yet another capital city in Europe, Asia, and America, whose residents are suffering from severe smog. Mobile applications are gaining relevance, allowing you to assess at any time the degree of risk of inhaling too many substances hazardous to health from the surrounding air. Designers bring models to the catwalk wearing protective masks to protect their respiratory organs. How to protect the skin, which itself is the first and most important defender of our body? The skin of the face is the first to encounter harmful environmental influences and needs to support its resources; it is for this that the Académie Scientifique de Beauté company has developed a new cosmetic product, which the site learned in more detail about.

What is the danger of environmental pollution for our skin?

Under the influence of industrial and tobacco smoke, exhaust fumes, dry conditioned air and other environmental hazards, the skin weakens and loses its ability to perform its barrier function.

So, for example, polluted city air may contain particles of heavy metals, carbon, and various gases, which are 20 times smaller than the diameter of the pores on human skin and freely penetrate inside. The causes of skin contamination in everyday life can be chemicals from the materials from which furniture, carpets, and hygiene products are made. Every day, the average city dweller comes into contact with thousands of various pollutants that harm the skin:

• accelerate the appearance of wrinkles due to exposure to free radicals;
• provoke the development of pigmentation;
• deplete the lipid mantle of the skin and cause increased dryness;
• cause dull, pale skin and hair color;
• cause brittleness and hair loss.

According to some studies, in 80% of cases the aging process is triggered by negative environmental influences (exposure to the sun and air pollution), and only 20% remain due to age and genetic characteristics.

In order to reduce the harmful effects of environmental factors on the skin, Académie Scientifique de Beauté has developed a new product, a “shield for city residents”, which helps protect the skin from the effects of pollutants, creating an invisible film on the skin that reliably protects the epidermis.

How to protect your skin from air pollutants: special moisturizing

The Académie Beauty Institute invites you to pay attention to the new product - the first moisturizer that helps protect the skin from pollution - the Eco-Protection Hydrating Mist Makeup Setting Spray. This is a reliable “shield” for all skin types that protects it from air pollutants, helps fight free radicals, and at the same time fixes makeup.

“Eco-protection moisturizing mist” from Académie Scientifique de Beauté offers an ultra-light texture with a “second skin” effect that creates an invisible protective film, allowing the epidermis to breathe, while reliably protecting against the penetration of small harmful particles through the pores.

The moisturizing mist is made from 88% spring water, 5% anti-pollution active ingredients, and 3% unique moisturizing bio-complex.

You can buy the spray in beauty salons: www.ank.kiev.ua

Active anti-pollution ingredients create a second skin effect that protects against household and external pollutants. This effect is achieved as a result of the fermentation process, and an anionic polysaccharide with a high molecular weight (2 million daltons), which minimizes the penetration of external pollutants, does not create a dense film on the skin, allowing it to breathe.

The main purpose of anti-pollution active ingredients:

• protection of the epidermis against the accumulation of carbon particles;
• increasing cell protection from heavy particles that penetrate the skin and cause oxidative stress, changes in mitochondrial metabolism and lipid peroxidation;
• increasing skin protection from damage caused by sulfates contained in hygiene products.

The moisturizing biocomplex allows you to:

• improve the condition of the skin surface due to active ingredients that help balance the desquamation process and improve skin microrelief;
• restore hydration to damaged hair, penetrating deep into the cuticle, and protect its fibers, restoring shine and silkiness to the hair.

The unique composition of spring water (mineral salts, trace elements and sulfur), extracted from a 64 m deep well in the heart of the Southern Pyrenees, has exceptional moisturizing, soothing and antioxidant properties, which have been repeatedly proven by scientific research.

The moisturizing mist of eco-protection is a kind of last touch before leaving the house and going outside. The product is used as the last stage after completing skin care - sprayed from a distance of 20 cm onto the face, hands and hair. It helps improve skin tone, give hair a special shine, protect the epidermis from external irritants, and is ideal for maintaining skin freshness. The moisturizing emulsion can be used not only at home - for skin care and fixing makeup, in the office - to maintain the skin's protective resources during the day, but also after cosmetic procedures - on the face, neck, décolleté, hands - to withstand urban stress.

Official representative of the trademark “Academie Scientifique de Beaute” in Ukraine

Skin protection products

Special skin protection products

Skin protection products, along with protection from vapors and droplets of chemical agents, protect exposed areas of the body, clothing, shoes and equipment from contamination by radioactive substances and biological agents. In addition, they completely block a-particles and significantly reduce the impact of b-particles.

Based on the principle of protective action, skin protection products are divided into insulating and filtering ones.

Insulating skin protection products are made from airtight materials, usually from special elastic and frost-resistant rubberized fabric. They can be sealed or not sealed. Sealed means cover the entire body and protect from vapors and drops of chemical agents; non-sealed means protect only from drops of chemical agents.

Insulating skin protection means include a general protective kit and special protective clothing.

Filtering skin protection products are made in the form of cotton uniforms and linen impregnated with special chemicals. Impregnation with a thin layer envelops the threads of the fabric, and the spaces between the threads remain free; As a result, the air permeability of the material is largely preserved, and OM vapors are absorbed when contaminated air passes through the fabric.

Ordinary clothing and underwear can serve as filtering means for protecting the skin if they are impregnated, for example, with a soap-oil emulsion.

Insulating skin protection means - general protective kit and special protective clothing - are intended mainly to protect personnel of civil defense units when working in contaminated areas.

The combined arms protective kit consists of a protective raincoat, protective stockings and protective gloves.

The protective raincoat of the set has two sides, sides, sleeves, a hood, as well as straps, ribbons and fasteners, allowing the raincoat to be used in various ways. The fabric of the raincoat provides protection from toxic, radioactive substances and bacterial agents, as well as from light radiation. The weight of the protective raincoat is about 1.6 kg.

Protective raincoats are made in five sizes: the first for people up to 165 cm tall, the second - from 165 to 170 cm, the third from 170 to 175 cm, the fourth - from 175 to 180 cm and the fifth - over 180 cm.

Protective gloves - rubber, with seals made of impregnated fabric (fabric impregnated with special compounds that increase its protective ability against chemical vapors) come in two types: summer and winter. Summer gloves are five-fingered, winter gloves are two-fingered, have an insulated liner fastened with buttons. The weight of protective gloves is about 350 g.

Protective stockings are made of rubberized fabric. Their soles are reinforced with canvas or rubber soles. Stockings with a canvas top have two or three straps for attaching to the leg and one strap for attaching to the waist belt; Stockings with a rubber cuff are attached to the legs with straps, and to the waist belt with a ribbon. The weight of protective stockings is 0.8-1.2 kg. When operating in contaminated areas, a protective raincoat is used in the form of overalls.

Special protective clothing includes: a light protective suit, a protective overall, a protective suit consisting of a jacket and trousers, and a protective apron.

The lightweight protective suit is made of rubberized fabric and consists of a shirt with a hood 1, trousers 2, sewn together with stockings, two-fingered gloves 3 and a balaclava 4. In addition, the suit includes a bag 5 and a spare pair of gloves. The weight of the protective suit is about 3 kg.

The suits are made in three sizes: the first for people up to 165 cm tall, the second from 165 to 172 cm, the third above 172 cm.

The protective overalls are made of rubberized fabric. It consists of trousers, a jacket and a hood sewn into one piece. The overalls are manufactured in three sizes, corresponding to the dimensions specified for a light protective suit.

The overalls are used together with a balaclava, gloves and rubber boots. Rubber boots are made from sizes 41 to 46. Rubber gloves are all the same size, five-fingered.

The weight of the protective overalls complete with boots, gloves and balaclava is about 6 kg.

A protective suit, consisting of a jacket and trousers, differs from a protective overalls only in that its components are manufactured separately. The costume includes rubber gloves, boots and a balaclava.

Filtering skin protection means include a set of filter clothing in the Western Federal District, consisting of cotton overalls, men's underwear, a cotton balaclava and two pairs of cotton foot wraps.

Along with filtering and isolating skin protection products, improvised skin protection products are also used.

Handy skin protection products

In addition to the special skin protection products discussed above, improvised means can also be used to protect the skin from radioactive dust and biological agents.

Available skin protection means include regular clothing and shoes. Ordinary capes and raincoats made of vinyl chloride or rubberized fabric, coats made of drape, rough cloth or leather protect well from radioactive dust and bacterial agents; they can also protect against droplet-liquid agents for 5-10 minutes; cotton clothing protects much longer.

To protect feet, boots for industrial and household purposes, rubber boots, galoshes, felt boots with galoshes, shoes made of leather and leatherette are used.

Rubber or leather gloves and canvas mittens can be used to protect your hands. When using ordinary clothing as a means of protection, for greater sealing, it is necessary to fasten it with all buttons, tie the cuffs of sleeves and trousers with braid, raise the collar and tie it with a scarf.

For more reliable protection of the skin, it is recommended to use a simplified protective filter kit, which, with special impregnation, can also provide protection from chemical vapors. The set may consist of a ski, work or school suit, an ordinary men's suit or a standard padded jacket (jacket and trousers), gloves (rubber, leather or impregnated wool, cotton), rubber boots for industrial and household purposes or rubber boots with impregnated stockings, felt boots with galoshes , shoes made of leather and leather substitutes.

Clothes taken for impregnation must completely (hermetically) cover the human body. The most affordable means for impregnating clothes at home are solutions based on synthetic detergents used for washing clothes, or a soap-oil emulsion.

To obtain 2.5 liters of solution required for impregnation of one set, take 0.5 liters of detergent and 2 liters of water heated to 40-50 °C, then mix thoroughly until a homogeneous solution is obtained.

To prepare 2.5 liters of soap-oil emulsion, take 250-300 g of crushed household soap shavings and dissolve them in 2 liters of hot water. When the soap has completely dissolved, add 0.5 liters of mineral (crankcase, transformer oil) or vegetable (sunflower, cottonseed) oil, stir for five to seven minutes and again, stirring, heat to a temperature of 60-70 oC until a homogeneous mixture is obtained. soap-oil emulsion. After soaking all parts of the set, they are wrung out and dried in the open air. Do not iron soaked clothing with a hot iron.

Clothes impregnated with these solutions are odorless, do not irritate the skin and are easy to wash. Impregnation does not destroy clothing and facilitates its degassing and decontamination.

The simplest skin protection means are worn immediately before the threat of injury from radioactive, toxic substances or bacterial agents. After this, put on a gas mask (in case of radioactive or bacterial contamination, you can use a respirator, a PTM-1 mask or a cotton-gauze bandage), raise the collar of the jacket (jacket) and tie it with a scarf, put on a hood, headdress, gloves (mittens).

With the simplest means of skin protection, you can cross the infected area or go beyond the source of infection.

After leaving the contaminated area, you should quickly remove your clothes, taking precautions, and disinfect them as soon as possible, but no later than an hour later. Disinfected and thoroughly washed clothing can be reused as protection by treating it with an impregnating composition to protect against toxic substances.

Medical protective equipment

Medical personal protective equipment for personnel of non-military forces and the population includes: an individual first aid kit, an individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8), an individual dressing package. They are issued during the period of threat of enemy attack at the point of issue of personal protective equipment.

When receiving medical personal protective equipment, everyone is obliged to check the completeness of the first aid kit and study the rules for using it according to the instructions. It is not recommended to open the first aid kit unnecessarily, rearrange or open pencil cases with pills. Do not break the tightness of the packaging of anti-chemical and dressing bags.

The received medical protective equipment is kept by the personnel of non-paramilitary forces and the population until special order from the civil defense facility.

Like gas masks, medical personal protective equipment in the event of a threat of enemy attack must always be ready for use at any moment of emergency.

Individual first aid kit

An individual first aid kit is designed to provide self-help and mutual assistance for injuries, fractures and burns (to relieve pain) and to prevent or reduce damage from organophosphorus agents, bacterial agents and radioactive substances. The first aid kit is a plastic case measuring 90x100x20 mm, weighing 130 g, which contains plastic tubes and pencil cases with medications. The preparations are placed in seven nests.

Slot 1 - syringe tube with an analgesic (promedol). It is used for wounds, fractures and burns as an analgesic. Intramuscular injection.

Remove the syringe tube from the first aid kit. Grasp the ribbed rim with your left hand, and the body of the tube with your right hand and with a vigorous rotational movement, turn it clockwise until it stops. Then remove the cap protecting the needle and, holding the syringe tube with the needle up, squeeze the air out of it until a drop of liquid appears at the tip of the needle. After this, without touching the needle with your hands, insert it into the soft tissue of the thigh, arm or buttock and squeeze out the contents of the syringe tube. Remove the needle without releasing your fingers. In emergency cases, the injection can also be given through clothing.

Socket 2 - a means for preventing poisoning by organophosphorus agents (taren) is located in a round red pencil case. There are 6 tablets in the pencil case. Take it when signaled by a chemical alarm - one tablet. Then immediately put on a gas mask. If signs of poisoning appear and increase, you should take another tablet. It is recommended to take the drug again no earlier than after 5-6 hours.

Socket 3 - antibacterial agent ©2 (sulfadimethoxine) is located in a large round pencil case without coloring (14 tablets). It should be used for gastrointestinal upset that occurs after irradiation. On the first day, take 7 tablets (in one dose), and in the next two days - 4 tablets.

Socket 4 - radioprotective agent ©1 (cystamine) is located in two octagonal cases of 6 tablets each. This drug is taken on the signal Radiation hazard 6 tablets over 30-40 minutes, washed down with water. If there is a new threat of radiation, but not earlier than 4-5 hours after the first dose, it is recommended to take 6 more tablets.

Slot 5 - antibacterial agent ©1 (chlortetracycline) is located in two identical tetrahedral pencil cases without coloring, 5 tablets in each. It should be taken if the enemy uses bacterial agents, with an infectious disease, as well as with wounds and burns. First, take the contents of one pencil case (5 tablets at once), and then after 6 hours take the contents of another pencil case (also 5 tablets).

Socket 6 - radioprotective agent ©2 (potassium iodide) is located in a white tetrahedral pencil case. There are 10 tablets in the pencil case. You should take one tablet daily for 10 days after radioactive fallout from eating contaminated milk.

It should be taken into account that radioprotective substances are effective if introduced into the body 30-60 minutes before irradiation or ingestion of contaminated food and water. Their protective effect lasts for 5-6 hours from the moment of administration. If necessary, it is recommended to repeat taking the tablets.

Slot 7 - antiemetic (etaperazine) is in a round blue pencil case in the amount of 5 tablets. It is taken one tablet immediately after irradiation, as well as when nausea occurs after a head injury.

A good means of preventing radiation injuries are various adsorbents: activated carbon, barium sulfide, etc., which, by absorbing radioactive substances, prevent their spread in the human body.

Note. Children under 8 years of age are given 1/4 of an adult dose at a time, children from 8 to 15 years of age - 1/2 of an adult dose of the listed drugs, except for radioprotective agent ©2 and an analgesic drug, which are given in full dose.

Individual anti-chemical package IPP-8

The individual anti-chemical package IPP-8 is intended for the disinfection of droplet-liquid chemical agents that have come into contact with open areas of the body, clothing, shoes and personal protective equipment.

The package consists of a glass bottle with a degassing solution and four cotton-gauze swabs. It is important to store the package carefully so as not to damage the glass bottle of liquid. When necessary, swabs are moistened with liquid from the bottle and the infected areas are wiped. First of all, exposed skin areas are disinfected, and then the edges of the collar and cuffs, personal protective equipment and equipment. The liquid in the bag is poisonous - it should not get into your eyes. If a burning sensation appears during treatment with liquid, then there is no need to worry: it will quickly disappear and will not affect your well-being.

The degassing liquid can also kill microbes, i.e. has disinfectant properties. The package can be used when infected with bacterial agents. However, the intended purpose of an individual anti-chemical package is to carry out partial sanitization in case of contamination with toxic substances.

In the absence of IPP-8, drop-liquid chemical agents are neutralized with a solution prepared from one liter of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and 30 g of sodium hydroxide. Caustic soda can be replaced with silicate glue (150 g of glue per 1 liter of 3% hydrogen peroxide). The method of using the solution is the same as the liquid from IPP-8. When handling dry caustic soda, you need to be careful not to get it into your eyes or skin.

When using IPP-8, you must keep in mind that the liquid from it can be used to disinfect chemical agents that have come into contact with the skin only in children aged 7 years and older; To treat the skin of children from 1.5 to 7 years old, an alkaline peroxide formulation should be used.

Individual dressing package

An individual dressing package consists of a bandage 10 cm wide and 7 m long and two cotton-gauze pads measuring 17.5x32 cm. One of the pads is sewn motionless near the beginning of the bandage, and the other can be moved along the bandage for ease of applying the bandage. The rolled pads and bandage are wrapped in wax paper and placed in an airtight cover made of rubberized fabric, cellophane or parchment paper. There is a pin in the package, and the rules for using the package are indicated on the case. When opening the package, the sterility of the surface of the pad, which is applied to the wound or burn site, must not be violated. You can only touch the surface of the pad, stitched with colored threads, with your hands.

Protection (6) Abstract >> Life safety

To the population of shelters and funds individual protection. To individual means protection relate: facilities protection respiratory organs facilities protection skin. Individual facilities protection protect organs...

3.3.3 Skin protection

Skin protection products are intended to protect open areas of skin, clothing, equipment and shoes from contact with droplet-liquid agents, pathogens of infectious diseases, radioactive dust, and also partially from exposure to light radiation. They are divided into service (OZK, L-1, etc.) and improvised (items of household clothing).

Filtering skin protection products include, for example, a set of filter clothing ZFO-58. Protective clothing made from filtering materials is intended for permanent or periodic wear. The basis of this clothing is cotton uniforms treated with a special chemical composition. Due to its sanitary and hygienic properties, it is suitable for everyday wear.

Insulating skin protection products made from airtight materials can be sealed (suits, overalls that cover the entire human body and protect against drops and vapors of chemical agents) and partially or completely leaky (raincoats, capes, aprons, etc.), which mainly protect from droplet-liquid agents: OZK set, light protective suit L-1, protective overalls or suit. The time spent in insulating clothing is limited due to disruption of thermoregulation processes and depends on weather conditions.

Ordinary, everyday clothing (tracksuits, raincoats, mittens, boots) can be used as improvised means to protect the skin. The protective properties of clothing are significantly enhanced by soaking in a soap-oil emulsion (to prepare it, 1 piece of laundry soap is grated and dissolved in 0.5 liters of vegetable oil).

3.3 4 Medical personal protective equipment

Medical personal protective equipment (MPI) is intended for the prevention and provision of medical care to the population affected by damaging factors (ionizing radiation, toxic substances and biological agents). These include radioprotectors, antidotes and antibacterial agents, and partial sanitization agents.

Radioprotectors are substances that reduce the degree of exposure to ionizing radiation (for example, cystamine). Complexons and adsorbents that prevent the absorption of PB into the blood and promote their rapid removal from the body (for example, potassium iodide) can be used as fairly effective medical means of protection against radioactive substances that have entered the body.

Antidotes (antidotes) are substances that prevent or weaken the effect of agents. There are no universal antidotes. There are antidotes for nerve agents (Afin, Taren, atropine, etc.), hydrocyanic acid and other cyanides (amyl nitrite, propyl nitrite), etc.

Antibacterial agents are divided into nonspecific prophylaxis (antibiotics and interferons) and specific prophylaxis (serums, vaccines, toxoids, bacteriophages).

The standard MSIS include:

Individual first aid kit (AI-2) – contains a set of drugs (medicines) that prevent or reduce the effects of ionizing radiation, OM, BS, and shock prevention on the human body;

Individual anti-chemical package (IPP-8) - used for partial sanitary treatment of exposed skin areas and adjacent clothing when they are exposed to droplet-liquid or mist-like agents, PB, bacterial aerosols;

Individual dressing package - used for dressing wounds, burns, and also stopping certain types of bleeding.

3.4 Organization of evacuation measures

Evacuation measures are carried out only by order of the government, regional and local administration.

There are three types of evacuation measures: dispersal, partial evacuation and general evacuation.

In order to differentiate these activities, the population is divided into three groups. The first group consists of workers and employees of categorized national economic facilities, enterprises with a continuous production process and strategically important facilities (energy facilities, metallurgy, automotive industry, etc.). The second group includes workers and employees of industries not related to the above. The third group includes the population not employed in production and services (students, students, children, unemployed).

Dispersal - organized removal (withdrawal) from populated areas and placement in a safe zone of workers and employees of categorized national economic facilities that continue economic activities in the affected area; this group of workers and employees works in shifts in the affected area and rests in a safe area.

Evacuation is the organized removal or removal from populated areas and placement in a safe zone of workers and employees of objects that have ceased or transferred their economic activities, as well as the population not engaged in production.

In some cases, partial evacuation of the population not involved in production is provided (risk group - children, pregnant women, etc.).

Evacuation bodies are created to organize dispersal and evacuation measures.

The functions of evacuation commissions (EC) include planning and organizing evacuation activities (dispersal, transport, medical and consumer services, accommodation, employment, etc.).

Prefabricated evacuation points are designed to collect, register and send the population to a safe zone. They are deployed in schools, clubs and other public buildings.

Intermediate evacuation points are organized in the event of a combined evacuation and are intended for short-term rest of the arriving population, heating, food, medical care and departure to places of resettlement.

Evacuation reception commissions are created in administrative bodies to organize the reception and accommodation of the population arriving from dangerous zones.

Reception evacuation points are organized by rural (urban) areas near the disembarkation points for evacuees; they are designed to ensure reception, registration and immediate accommodation of arriving people.

Landing points serve to send the population by rail, road and water transport to a safe zone; are created at railway stations, water stations, ports, etc.

Landing points are located near places of resettlement of the evacuated population.

Dispersal and evacuation are usually carried out in a combined manner, that is, the mass withdrawal of the population on foot is combined with the removal of certain categories of the population by all means of transport, including personal transport.

Foot columns are formed from 500 to 1000 people. Convoys include up to 20 vehicles. Passenger trains are increasing to 20 cars, freight trains to 30.

Organization and discipline, timely and strict compliance with all requirements and instructions of the administration of the assembly evacuation point are the basic rules of behavior of the population.

The population of the facility is notified of the start of evacuation through enterprises, institutions, educational institutions, housing and communal services operating organizations, the police, radio broadcast network and local television. When the evacuated population moves by one of the modes of transport, a head of the echelon (vessel) is assigned to each echelon (vessel), a head of the convoy is assigned to a convoy, a senior car is assigned to each railway car.

For the organized movement of foot columns, a diagram of their route is developed, which indicates the composition of the columns, the route of movement, the starting point, traffic control points and the time of their passage; areas and duration of stops; medical and warming stations; intermediate evacuation point; the procedure and timing of the withdrawal (removal) of the column from this point to the area of ​​​​permanent deployment; control and warning signals.

The movement of foot columns is carried out along pre-established routes with a length of one day's march (10–12 hours of movement). The speed of foot columns is 4–5 km/h. Every 1–1.5 hours, small rests (10–15 minutes) are provided; at the beginning of the second half of the daily march, a large rest (1–2 hours) is arranged.

Reception evacuation commissions and reception settlements in rural areas are assigned the following tasks: meeting the arriving population, distributing them among settlements, providing first necessary aid, and organizing the dispatch of people to their accommodation sites. For the first two days, people should eat food supplies they brought with them.

The evacuated population is recruited to work in rural areas and at enterprises that have been removed from the city and continue to operate in the suburban area.

Conclusion

The population and territory of the Earth with numerous economic objects are subject to the negative impacts of more than 50 dangerous natural and man-made processes.

Depending on the specific natural and climatic conditions and heliophysical factors of each year (or series of years), the risk of some of them increases and the risk of others decreases.

Currently, there is a tendency to reduce the number of natural disasters and emergencies of a natural and man-made nature on the territory of the Russian Federation. This positive trend is caused by both natural and socio-economic reasons, consisting in the progressive development of the Russian economy in the last 3 years and an increase in spending on current and capital protective measures.

From the point of view of the possibility of carrying out preventive measures, dangerous natural processes, as a source of emergency situations, can be predicted with very little advance notice. Nevertheless, we can talk about the general features of the natural background of 2006, against which events will develop. This background will generally preserve the global patterns laid down at the beginning of the 21st century.

In recent years, due to general trends in climate change, warming has been observed throughout almost the entire territory of Russia. This trend can be most clearly seen in the Asian sector of Russia, where the danger of droughts and fires in forests is increasing. In addition, the cycle of increased solar activity will continue in 2006, which allows us to expect an increase in the frequency of severe winters. In this regard, on the one hand, the risk of more frequent periods in winter with particularly dangerous temperatures (below minus 30 degrees) increases, and on the other hand, particularly dangerous snowfalls and ice conditions are less likely to occur in severe winters.

An increase in the frequency of adverse short-term events is predicted (extra-hour periods of abnormally warm weather and frosts, strong winds and snowfalls, etc.). A decrease in the frequency of particularly dangerous torrential and prolonged rains, and other particularly dangerous phenomena associated with moisture is expected. The decrease in the period of weather changes observed in recent years - 3-4 days versus the usual 6-7 days - will cause certain difficulties in forecasting natural hydrometeorological phenomena, which will affect the degree of efficiency of warning about them and, to a greater extent, the ability to predict their consequences.

In general, based on the integral assessment of the regions’ response to natural disasters, the highest potential for the development of natural emergencies will remain in the Southern and Far Eastern federal districts (40-50 emergencies each). In 10 constituent entities of the Russian Federation located in these districts, the number of emergencies will be from 7 to 15 per year (the maximum number in the Krasnodar Territory is 10-15 emergencies). In 65 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the number of natural emergencies is projected to be no more than five per year.

Taking into account the main trends in accident rates in industries and the degree of deterioration of fixed assets, it is predicted that the trend towards a decrease in the number of man-made emergencies will continue.

The largest number of man-made emergencies is predicted in the Central (150-170) and Northwestern (140-150) federal districts; primarily in 5 constituent entities of the Russian Federation: in Moscow, Leningrad region, in St. Petersburg (50-70 each), in Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod regions (40-50 each).

The general structure of man-made emergencies will be dominated by: fires in the residential sector and industrial facilities (42-44%), major car accidents (12-14%), accidents on public life support systems (11-13%).

Analysis of emergency situations shows that negative factors of a man-made and natural nature are becoming more and more widespread and pose one of the most real threats to ensuring the stable socio-economic development of the country, improving the quality of life of the population, and strengthening the national security of the Russian Federation.

In this regard, it seems advisable to concentrate the activities of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and organizations on improving the regulatory legal and methodological framework, developing and implementing engineering, radiation chemical and biomedical protection measures, ensuring fire safety , preserving the life and health of people on water bodies, as well as creating a culture of life safety for the population and developing a public information and warning system.

Used Books

1. GOST R 22.3.03-94 Safety in emergency situations. Protection of the population. Basic provisions

2. Alekseev V.S., Ivanyukov M.I. Fundamentals of life safety Publishing house: "Dashkov and K", 2008

3. S. V. Petrov, V. A. Makashev Dangerous situations of a man-made nature and protection from them: ENAS; Moscow; 2008

This terrorist act, but taking into account the thoroughness of its preparation, which can lead to increased negative consequences. CHAPTER 2. SPECIFICITY OF MEASURES TO PROTECT THE PUBLIC IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS CAUSED BY TERRORIST ACTS 2.1 Activities carried out in advance in order to prevent terrorist acts Legal measures: Development and adoption of legal and...

Weapons, and mainly in cases where the pathogens used are particularly dangerous (plague, cholera, etc.). The quarantine regime provides for complete isolation of the affected area from the surrounding population; it aims to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Armed guards are installed at the external borders of the quarantine zone, a commandant service is organized and...

Their possible collapse. Evacuation of the population Evacuation is the organized removal of the population from cities to suburban areas with the aim of dispersing it. Evacuation is one of the ways to protect the population in an emergency. At the same time, the evacuation of workers and employees is carried out according to the production principle, and the population not associated with production - according to the territorial principle (by location...

If the client is planning any traumatic intervention, but he lives in a metropolis or in unfavorable environmental conditions, then it is necessary to first try to minimize the harm already caused to the skin as a result of environmental pollution. In the Mirra cosmetics catalog http://mirra-shop.com/ru-ru/catalog/ you will find a full range of cosmetics that will protect your skin from the negative effects of the environment.

Of course, if it is possible to exclude the influence of negative factors, then you must try to do this: stop smoking at least 1-2 weeks before the intervention, if possible, change your usual route of travel if it involves a relatively long stay near multi-lane roads or near air polluting enterprises. Unfortunately, it is quite difficult to minimize other risks. Even realizing the harm that working in an environmentally harmful environment in enterprises that do not pay attention to air purification causes to their health, people still do not often decide to change jobs. What can we say about changing place of residence, even when we are talking only about an urban area.

In addition, the use of certain cosmetics has been proven to minimize damage to the skin. At the same time, it is not necessary to look for products marked “eco” or “organic”; the method of obtaining ingredients for a cosmetic product does not matter in this case.

Today, there are several categories of cosmetics, the use of which has been proven to reduce the effects of skin damage as a result of air pollution.

Cleansers.

In unfavorable environmental conditions, it is very important to use products that cleanse the skin without damaging it. Any damage to the barrier properties of the skin worsens the situation, therefore, during the period of preparation for surgery or other interventions, you should avoid using soap, classic cleansing gels, alcohol-containing products, as well as products containing acids, both alpha acids and beta acids (salicylic acid , in particular). Preference should be given to micellar cleansers, as well as mild professional cleansers, including products for cleansing sensitive and damaged skin.

Exfoliation.

To deeply cleanse the skin and remove dead cells from its surface, on which various toxic chemical compounds are deposited, it is recommended to gently exfoliate the skin 1-2 times a week, and it is advisable to use enzyme exfoliants and avoid acid-based products or mechanical peels with large particles .

Prebiotics and probiotics.

As it turned out recently, healthy skin microflora (healthy microbiome) is able to destroy benzopyrene and protect the skin from damage by many chemical agents. In addition, prebiotics improve the condition of sensitive skin, reduce the severity of vascular reactions, and are increasingly used to treat acne, rosacea and atopic dermatitis. Therefore, we look for Bioecolia (alpha-oligosaccharide) in our products, as well as some enzymes of bacterial origin (Alteromonas Ferment, etc.) and prescribe their daily use by applying to cleansed skin before applying the cream. There are also creams that contain prebiotics and probiotics.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.

Here, finally, we can take advantage of a fortunate coincidence: most topical antioxidants also have an anti-inflammatory effect. It is also known that regular use of such products improves skin regeneration after injury, so they are often recommended for use after various interventions. However, the best results can be achieved if they are used not only before, but also after interventions. We pay attention to products with vitamin C, vitamin E, niacinamide, extracts of green tea, blueberries, red grapes, centella asiatica, as well as some other plant extracts. Recently, it was discovered that some substances have strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity: for example, black willow bark extract, the active ingredient of which is salicin.

Protection.

During the period of preparation for the intervention, it is very important to pay increased attention to protecting the skin from damage. One can hardly expect good results from surgery or laser treatment after, for example, a sunburn. Day cream should have a moisturizing and softening effect, and also protect the skin from ultraviolet radiation. Usually, high-quality sunscreens, especially those based on physical filters, also protect the skin well from other damaging factors. Now new products are appearing that contain chelate compounds that can bind metal salts. But, in general, even creams that are quite familiar to us, containing silicone derivatives, mineral oil and difficult-to-oxidize vegetable oils and their derivatives (jojoba oil, squalane, macadamia oil, almond, coconut) also cope with the task and prevent the contact of damaging substances with skin.

Summarizing all of the above, during the period of preparation for potentially traumatic interventions (from surgery to permanent makeup), it is very important to pay attention to restoring the protective abilities of the skin and minimizing harm to the environment.

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The condition and appearance of our skin is key to our health and well-being. When skin is healthy, it works intensively to protect our body from bacteria and viruses, regulates temperature and appearance, feels smooth, non-irritated, well-hydrated and has a beautiful color. There are many factors - both internal and external - that affect the health of your skin and how it looks and feels. Some of them we cannot change, but most of them we can. Taking good care of your skin helps keep it healthy and looking young longer.

External (exogenous) factors

There are many external factors that affect skin health. These factors are determined by the environment, general health and the lifestyle we follow.

A person's genetic characteristics determine their skin type (normal, dry, oily or combination) and affect the overall condition of the skin.

Genetic and biological aging of skin

Genetic characteristics also determine biological aging of the skin, which is characterized by:

• Deterioration of the process of cell regeneration and renewal.
• Reducing secretions from the sebaceous and sweat glands.
• Degenerative processes of connective tissue, as a result of which the skin becomes less able to bind water molecules and loses its elasticity.
• Degeneration of elastic fibers, which leads to decreased skin elasticity.

Biological skin aging should not be confused with premature skin aging, which is caused by external factors and can be influenced.

Your genetic makeup determines your skin type.

Genetic characteristics also determine biological aging of the skin.

Internal (endogenous) factors

Internal factors that affect the skin include genetics, hormones, and special conditions such as diabetes.

There are medical conditions, such as diabetes and kidney failure, that can affect your skin.

Many external factors can affect the skin and lead to skin diseases.

Hormones and changes in their levels can have a significant impact on the skin:

• Hormonal changes can cause acne to appear during puberty.
• During pregnancy, hormones can promote increased melanin production and a form of hyperpigmentation known as melasma.
• Women's estrogen levels decrease during biological aging and especially after menopause. Estrogen has a beneficial effect on the moisture balance in the skin, so its decrease leads to structural changes and age-related skin atrophy.

Hormonal changes can affect the skin and cause acne.

Pregnancy can cause hyperpigmentation and affect the skin's moisture balance.

Climate and environment

Ultraviolet radiation
Free radicals are aggressive molecules responsible for the process of oxidation, which causes damage to cells in body tissues. Healthy skin contains antioxidants that protect it by neutralizing free radicals.

Constant sun exposure causes the formation of free radicals, which can weaken the skin's defense mechanisms.

Temperature
Extreme temperatures and their rapid changes affect skin health.

In cold conditions, the skin reacts by constricting blood vessels to protect the body from losing excess heat. Sustained low temperatures reduce the productivity of the sebaceous glands and cause skin irritation and dryness. Read more in the article dry skin.

In hot and humid conditions (such as in tropical countries or in a sauna), the sweat glands produce more sweat, keeping the skin moist and shiny, and in some cases leading to the formation of acne.

Some skin conditions, such as rosacea, can also be caused by high temperatures. This is one reason why it is recommended to use warm rather than hot water for cleansing your face, washing your hands and bathing.

Cold weather can cause dry skin.

Use warm, not hot water. Hot water may cause skin irritation.

Chemical exposure

Aggressive Products
Skin has a slightly acidic natural reaction with a pH of 5. Aggressive cleansers (such as sodium lauryl sulfate and alkaline pH moisturizers) destroy the skin's natural neutralizing properties, damage cell structure and reduce the barrier function of the outer layer of the epidermis. As a result, the skin can dry out and become vulnerable to infections and flare-ups of conditions such as atopic dermatitis.

Some types of chemical peels may have similar effects, so it is important to consult a dermatologist to ensure that a particular procedure is suitable for your skin.

Some people are especially sensitive to harsh products:

• Young children and elderly people: Young and old skin is less resilient, since the activity of the sebaceous glands is either not fully developed or is in decline. Read more in the article skin at different ages.
• Those exposed to chemicals in the workplace: Occupations such as hairdressers, masons and industrial workers are in constant contact with detergents, solvents, varnishes and paints, all substances that are harmful to the skin.

Learn more about how to care for your body and face and the importance of choosing the right skin care products.

Harsh chemicals and skin peels can damage the skin's pH balance.

Those who work with chemicals must take special care of their skin.

Nutrition
A balanced diet will help keep your skin healthy. There isn't a lot of information out there about which foods are best for maintaining healthy skin, but:

• Fruits, vegetables, whole grains and lean proteins (fish instead of meat) are very good for the skin.
• A diet rich in vitamin C and low in fat and carbohydrates can help your skin look younger.
• Antioxidant-rich foods also have protective properties. These include: yellow and orange fruits and vegetables (such as carrots and apricots), blueberries, green leafy vegetables (such as spinach), tomatoes, peas, beans and lentils, fish (especially salmon), nuts.
• Diets that exclude certain food groups and their nutritional value are not beneficial for skin health. It is also advisable to limit your consumption of sweets and dairy products. It is important to drink plenty of water, especially for older people.

There is no clear relationship between diet and the causes of acne.

Some medications and medical treatments are known to cause dry skin as a side effect.

It is also important to drink plenty of water, especially for older people.

Therapeutic measures
Certain medications (such as chemotherapy, diuretics, laxatives, and lipid-lowering drugs, which are sometimes taken to treat heart disease) and medical procedures (such as radiation therapy and dialysis) can make the skin more sensitive and prone to dryness.

Lifestyle

A healthy lifestyle can help slow down the natural aging process and prevent skin problems:

Avoid stress
Uncontrolled stress can make the skin more sensitive and cause skin problems, including acne. It is necessary to get rid of stress: reduce stress, find time for leisure, and relaxation can also help relieve stress.

Do the exercises
Regular exercise has a positive effect on skin health, as well as on the condition of the body as a whole.

Get enough sleep
Healthy sleep gives the body a chance to recover and thereby promotes skin renewal.

Quit smoking
Tobacco smoke is the main source of free radical formation in the skin. Smoking causes your skin to look older and cause premature wrinkles due to:

• Narrowing of tiny blood vessels in the inner layers of the skin. This reduces blood flow and deprives the skin of oxygen and nutrients such as vitamin A.
• Negative effects on collagen and elastin: fibers that provide firmness and elasticity to the skin.

Relieving stress will also contribute to the health of your skin.

A good night's sleep gives your cells a chance to recover.

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