Japan is a different planet with its own special traditions and rules.

Most of them are unique.

But what about Japanese schools and kindergartens?

1. Kindergarten is compulsory in Japan and children usually start going there at the age of 3. Already in kindergarten, Japanese kids master the basics of arithmetic and know how to read hiragana and katakana (syllabic alphabets).
2. To enter primary school, all children must pass exams. Those who fail the entrance exams can attend a preparatory school and try again next year.

3. Education in primary and secondary schools is compulsory and free. Education in high schools and universities is always paid.


4. Homework is not given in elementary school. But in middle and high school, homework is quite voluminous, so it is believed that Japanese high school students are the busiest people in the country.
5. Each school has its own unique uniform.
6. Immediately after entering the school there are lockers for shoes.


7. Most schools have strict rules about hair color. Only natural hair color is acceptable for schoolchildren.
8. In many public and private schools, boys are not allowed to wear long hair, only a neat short haircut is allowed.
9. Rules for girls include: walk without perms, makeup, nail polish and jewelry (excluding watches).
10. Students may only wear white, black or navy blue socks. If a student wears, for example, brown socks, which is against school rules, then this piece of clothing may be confiscated.


11. A typical Japanese class at a school consists of 30-40 people.
12. Students usually stay in the same classroom throughout the year, and teachers must move from class to class.
13. Students need to learn about 2500 characters to be able to read and write Japanese.
14. Japanese children should learn to read and write in three different ways: correct Japanese characters, the Japanese version of Chinese characters, and the Latin alphabet.

15. The main subjects in schools in Japan are mathematics, Japanese, social sciences, crafts, music and physical education. English is now taught in most elementary schools. Schoolchildren study a healthy lifestyle, computer science, music, art, physical education and home economics, as well as traditional arts - calligraphy and haiku (a kind of poem).
16. Schools use information technology to improve education. All schools have internet.
17. In schools, all classes are divided into small groups. These groups perform different activities - for example, cleaning the classroom, yard, halls, etc.


18. Most schools encourage students to be in one of two clubs - a sports club (soccer, kendo, baseball, judo, tennis, athletics, swimming, volleyball, rugby) or a culture club (calligraphy, math, science). Club members meet after class and spend time together.
19. There are no cleaners in Japanese schools. After the end of classes, schoolchildren themselves daily clean classrooms, corridors, wash toilets and tidy up the area around the school.


20. In Japan, children go to elementary school for 6 years, middle school - 3 years, high school - also 3 years, and then, if desired, study at the university for 4 years.
21. The school year in Japan starts in April. Schoolchildren study in trimesters: the first - from April to the end of July, the second - from early September to mid-December and the third - from January to mid-March. The so-called summer holidays in Japan last only a month and a half (depending on the school) and fall on the hottest month - August.
22. Schoolchildren are given homework for the summer and winter holidays. Usually during the holidays, students spend most of their free time doing homework or participating in school clubs.
23. Usually the school day runs from 8:30 to 15:00. Previously, there was only one day off in Japan, but in 1992 the government amended to increase the holiday to two days. In some schools, however, they do not adhere to this rule and conduct lessons on Saturdays as well.
24. There are rarely substitutions at school. If the teacher does not come for some reason, the students study on their own and behave quietly. From time to time another teacher may drop in and check on the class.


25. Swimming is also included in the curriculum. Many schools in Japan have their own swimming pools where children are taught to swim the minimum distance. Students who failed to learn should fill in the gap in the summer.
26. Each school has a nutritionist who monitors the healthy nutrition of students and the preparation of the menu. Students are not allowed to bring snacks to school, sometimes even medication - such as candy for sore throats, because candy is considered unhealthy food for a quick snack.
27. Within a Japanese school, students are not allowed to use mobile phones. Students can use the phone in the parking lot in front of the entrance to the school between classes or after them. If the teacher notices the phone in class, he will definitely confiscate it.
28. To move from high school to high school, you need to pass exams. You also need to take exams at the end of each trimester and in the middle of the first and second trimesters.


29. University students drive cars. In Japan, there is no such thing as a school bus. Students walk, bike or use public transport. Pupils go to elementary school in small groups.
30. The better your college entrance exam scores, the more likely you are to get the support of a large company that will pay for your college education. The student then goes to work for that company and the tuition fee is deducted from his salary.

The main task of the Japanese kindergarten is not educational, but educational: to teach the child to behave in a team. In later life, he will have to constantly be in some kind of group, and this skill will be necessary. Children are taught to analyze the conflicts that have arisen in games. In JapanThe system of public education is preceded by pre-school education of children in kindergartens (yotien), which are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health.

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PRESCHOOL EDUCATION IN JAPAN

In Japan, the public education system is preceded by pre-school education of children in kindergartens (yochien), which are administered by the Ministry of Health. Children attend kindergartens from 3 months to 6 years. In order for a child to attend kindergarten, it is necessary to justify this with very good reasons. In particular, bring documents stating that both parents work more than 4 hours a day. Children are arranged through the municipal department at the place of residence, and payment depends on the income of the family. Currently, there has been a sharp increase in the number of kindergartens - 85% of Japanese children attend them. The reason for this growth is the large employment of women in various spheres of public life.

The preschool education of Japanese and Russian children has much in common, as Japanese teachers themselves admit. The task of kindergartens is the mental and physical education of children, the inculcation of communication skills and preparation for school. At the same time, the strong influence of the Waldorf school is felt, which is manifested in the fact that the emphasis in education is on the physical development of children. Educators, regardless of age, participate equally with children in all physical exercises and games. A mandatory requirement in every kindergarten is the presence of a sports ground, sauna, swimming pool. Sometimes, in order to save land, children attending kindergarten and primary school use the same sports ground.

In Japanese kindergartens, as well as in Russian, classes are planned to develop musical and artistic abilities. But the content of these classes has a pronounced national character. So, in teaching music, preference is given to choral singing. To single out a soloist, according to Japanese ideas, is non-pedagogical. And singing in a choir helps to cultivate a sense of unity with the team. In the classes of applied arts, a large place is occupied by teaching children the ancient art - origami (folding paper figures), oyatiro (weaving patterns from a thin rope stretched over fingers), especially since these classes perfectly develop fine motor skills, which schoolchildren need when writing hieroglyphs. This principle of education in the spirit of national traditions finds its continuation in the school lessons of music, housekeeping, and applied arts. Education is conducted according to Western technologies, but Eastern morality is confessed. Thus, the originality of education is preserved.

The situation inside the kindergarten, by our standards, is very modest. Entering the building, the visitor finds himself in a large corridor, on one side of which there are floor-to-ceiling sliding windows, and on the other - sliding doors (entrance to the rooms). As a rule, one room serves as a dining room, and a bedroom, and a place for studying. When it's time for bedtime, caregivers take futons—thick mattresses—from built-in closets and lay them out on the floor. And during lunch, tables and chairs are brought into the same room from the corridor. Nutrition in kindergartens is given special attention. The menu is carefully designed and necessarily includes dairy products, vegetables and fruits. Even the vitamin and mineral composition of dishes and their calorie content are calculated. If the children go for a whole day for a walk or excursion, which happens about once a month, every mother should prepare a bento for her child - a box of lunch. But if in such cases we limit ourselves to sandwiches, then the culinary art of a Japanese mother is admirable. Such a lunch must meet the mandatory requirements, namely, include 24 (!) Types of products.

Groups in Japanese gardens are small - 8-10 people, every six months their composition is re-formed. This is done in order to provide kids with more opportunities for socialization. If a child does not have a relationship in one group, then it is quite possible that he will make friends in another. Teachers are also constantly changing. This is done so that children do not get used to them too much. Such attachments, the Japanese believe, give rise to children's dependence on their mentors. There are situations when some teacher disliked the child, and a good relationship will develop with another teacher, and the baby will not assume that all adults do not like him.

The main task of the Japanese kindergarten is not educational, but educational: to teach the child to behave in a team. In later life, he will have to constantly be in some kind of group, and this skill will be necessary. Children are taught to analyze the conflicts that have arisen in games. At the same time, one should try to avoid rivalry, since the victory of one may mean the “loss of face” of the other. And this is contrary to the so-called "group consciousness" of Japanese society. The most productive solution to conflicts, according to the Japanese, is a compromise. Even in the ancient Constitution of Japan, it was written that the main advantage of a citizen is the ability to avoid contradictions. The main task of Japanese pedagogy is to educate a person who knows how to work harmoniously in a team. For life in Japanese society, a society of groups, the education of group consciousness is extremely necessary, the foundations of which are laid in preschool children's institutions in Japan.

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Preschool education in Japan Completed by: Izhutova L.A.

It all starts with the family In Japan, kindergarten is not a compulsory educational level. Children come here at the request of their parents - usually from the age of four. Sometimes, as an exception, when parents are very busy, a child can be taken to kindergarten from the age of three. There are also nurseries in Japan for babies who are only a year old. But it is not recommended to give children away from the family so early. To place a child in such an institution, parents must write a special application and justify the impossibility of raising a baby at home until the age of three with very good reasons. But to determine the child in a nursery and kindergarten (working from 8 am to 6 pm), you need to prove that both parents work more than four hours a day. Moreover, you need to prove this with documents in hand, and then confirm twice a year that the workload remains at the same level. And this requirement - according to surveys conducted in the country - is the main drawback of preschool education in Japan.

The system of upbringing The upbringing of a personality in early childhood is extremely soft, usually nothing is forbidden to children, and the most severe punishment is heard disapproval or a warning to the mother if what he is doing is dangerous or hurts the mother. The basics of upbringing in Japanese society are the utmost courtesy towards people around you and in public places. Both at home and in the garden, a lot of time is devoted to the assimilation of manners, rituals, polite expressions, which are rich in Japanese speech. Japanese parents can also threaten a child that they will change with neighbors who have wonderful children. These parenting traditions help instill obedience from early childhood.

Much attention is paid in Japan to preschool education, because according to psychologists, up to seven years a person receives 70% of knowledge and only 30% - for the rest of his life. In childhood, the child's ability to communicate with other people is laid, and this is very important in a Japanese society focused on the values ​​of the team.

The main goal set before the kindergarten is "the mental development of children, strengthening their physical health, providing a favorable environment in which children can feel comfortable, safe, and which would contribute to the disclosure of their individual abilities to the fullest." There are no recipes for the physical education of Japanese children. It's just that he (as well as taking care of the health of students) is given a lot of attention. The advantage is given to a large amount of physical activity, a variety of outdoor games, especially popular are such sports games as tag, jump rope, catch-up, relay races

Japan is a country with rich traditions, in which the ritual side plays a very important role. The traditions of raising boys and girls in Japanese society are different. The son is the backbone of the family. The upbringing of the personality of the future man is associated with the traditions of the samurai, the upbringing of courage and the ability to endure adversity. But boys are supposed to attend various circles and classes after school, which is not necessary for girls.

Food Special attention is paid to nutrition in kindergartens. The menu is carefully designed and necessarily includes dairy products, vegetables and fruits. Even the vitamin and mineral composition of dishes and their calorie content are calculated. If the kindergarten goes for a whole day for a walk or excursion, every mother should prepare an obento for her child - a lunch box. But if in such cases we limit ourselves to a cutlet with vegetables or just sandwiches, then the art of a Japanese mother is admirable. Such a dinner must meet the mandatory requirements, namely: include 24 (!) Types of products, while rice must be sticky and not fall apart, and beets must not be present. It is advisable not to buy all the food in the store, but cook it with your own hands and arrange it beautifully in a box so that the child also receives aesthetic pleasure.

Interior The situation inside the kindergarten looks, by our standards, very modest. Entering the building, the visitor finds himself in a large corridor, on one side of which there are floor-to-ceiling sliding windows, and on the other - sliding doors (the entrance to the rooms). As a rule, one room serves as a dining room, and a bedroom, and a place for studying. When it's time for bed, caregivers take out futons - thick mattresses - from built-in wardrobes and lay them out on the floor. And during lunch, tiny tables and chairs are brought into the same room from the corridor.

Much attention is paid to applied art: drawing, appliqué, origami, oyatiro (weaving patterns from a thin rope stretched over fingers). These classes perfectly develop fine motor skills, which are necessary for writing hieroglyphs.

Groups in Japanese kindergartens are small: 6-8 people. And every six months, their composition is reformed. This is done in order to provide kids with more opportunities for socialization. If a child does not have a relationship in one group, then it is quite possible that he will make friends in another. Teachers are also constantly changing. This is done so that children do not get used to them too much. Such attachments, the Japanese believe, give rise to children's dependence on their mentors. There are situations when a teacher disliked a child. And a good relationship will develop with another teacher, and the baby will not assume that all adults do not like him.

To become a kindergarten teacher in Japan, you need to unlearn two years at an institute or university. Qualification is assigned based on the results of written testing. With the help of tests, awareness and memory are checked. But the attitude towards children and the ability to work with them in this way cannot be verified. Therefore, many people work in Japanese kindergartens who do not like children.

Pre-school education in the Land of the Rising Sun has a number of distinctive features, the main of which is that it is not mandatory. Parents themselves decide whether the child should receive it and, if so, where exactly. However, in recent years, visiting kindergartens is being refused less and less - staying there is considered an important part of the development and socialization of kids.

And the average Japanese kindergarten is not necessarily built and run by the state, as in Russia. More than 60% of all preschool institutions are private facilities. Thus, parents have freedom of choice, and institutions fight for clients, trying to offer them the best conditions.

Kindergartens in Japan are either under the Ministry of Education or the Ministry of Health. The former are called eutiens (private) and the latter hoikuens (state). It's time to talk about them in more detail.

Euthiens

Eutiens are Japanese kindergartens that accept children aged 3 years and older. At the same time, institutions of this type operate from 9 to 14-15 hours. In other words, there is no afternoon nap that is customary for kindergartens. Almost immediately after the meal, the children are taken home.

Why are private kindergartens in Japan so popular? It's simple - children here are given more space for creativity and development, for example, many institutions have English teachers who have the necessary skills to teach children. They can also engage in drawing with kids (they are not just given pencils and paper, but they are taught the basics of professional artistic skills), music, sports, and so on. Excursions and various kinds of entertainment are again organized much more often when compared with state kindergartens.

And Euthiens often have a more presentable appearance. Their owners invest a substantial amount of money in construction and / or finishing work. Not surprisingly, Japanese kindergartens of this type often have chic interior design.

Hokuens

Hokuens are public preschools that welcome children as young as 1 year old. The kid, by the way, can be left for the whole day, because the kindergarten starts at 8 o'clock (sometimes earlier), and ends at 18-19 o'clock. This is very convenient for people who spend a lot of time at work.

There were times when Japanese kindergartens of this type were mostly attended by children of poor parents. It was believed that the spouse works only if the head of the family cannot provide the family with everything necessary. But now, when there are a lot of female careerists, the situation has changed dramatically.

Due to the work schedule (4-5 hours longer), giving a child to a hoikuen can be even more expensive than in a eutien. Yes, and by themselves, public kindergartens in Japan are slightly inferior to private ones. What are at least luxurious playgrounds in the yards. If you want to buy equally modern children's slides, place your order today.

Finally

Summing up, I would like to note one more interesting fact - in all Japanese kindergartens, children are given maximum freedom. For example, you can go for a walk not on schedule, but when you want. Creative activities, again, do not limit the flight of fancy.

Is this good or bad? There are many opinions on this issue, which often contradict each other. But if you are familiar with the peculiarities of Japanese society, then you know that already at school there will be no trace of the former freedom. There, children will have to obey a number of clear rules.

Near the capital of Japan, Tokyo, there is a Fuji kindergarten, which can be safely called one of the best in the world. The absence of walls and the presence of a large area where you can climb and run, make it a favorite place for children to stay.

Tokyo-based Tezuka Architects, who designed this masterpiece, tried to find universal things that absolutely all children like. Not surprisingly, the result is a kindergarten that is more like an entertainment venue than an educational institution.

In shape, it resembles an oval, with a large lawn in the center. As soon as the kids get on the roof, they then begin to run in circles.

The education system here is based on the Montessori method, which is based on supporting the child in his natural development, directing his actions, and not prohibiting everything in a row. Here, kids are allowed to run a lot, move, and even fill their own bruises and bumps.

Instead of the lower section of the stairs leading from the roof, the architect proposed to build a mound of earth so that children could play and slide down it.

The building was built around growing trees and, in order to protect children from falling, the designers had to pull special hammocks there. This place has become one of the favorite play areas for children.

Every month, teachers and children rearrange the classrooms. Even ordinary stools perform a game function here. They are made of very light and soft wood, which is very hard to hurt yourself.

The sinks are made in such a way that they allow children to communicate with each other even while washing.

There is even a special area where children can practice tree climbing.

In this kindergarten, children can be outdoors for as long as the weather permits. There are no partitions between classrooms in the building, as children are more comfortable surrounded by background noise. If the child does not want to be in the classroom, he can leave. Usually, having made a circle around the territory, he himself returns back to the classroom.