Test 6

The answers to tasks 1-24 are a word, phrase, number or

sequence of words, numbers. Write the answer in the answer field in the text of the work, and then transfer it to ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the assignment number, starting from the first cell, no spaces, commas or other additional characters. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the examples given in the form.

Read the text and complete tasks 1-3.

(1) For centuries, Egyptologists have tried to find out whether there is any pattern in the location of the great pyramids of Egypt, and if there is, what it is. (2) Once engineer Robert Bauval, who lived in Egypt for a long time and was interested in the mysteries of the pyramids, saw on TV a map of the starry sky, which depicted the Milky Way and the constellation Orion. (3)….. the engineer understood: the location of the pyramids relative to the Nile completely repeats the location of the stars of Orion relative to the Milky Way.

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN

information contained in the text?

1) For a long time, Egyptologists around the world could not solve the mystery of the location of the ancient pyramids.

2) Robert Bauvel revealed one of the secrets of the pyramids, guessing that their location repeats the location of the stars of Orion relative to the Milky Way.

3) For many years it was unknown whether there was any pattern in the location of the pyramids on the lands of Ancient Egypt.

4) The ancient pyramids of Egypt revealed their countless secrets to modern scientists.

5) Having seen a map of the starry sky on TV, Bauvel realized that the location of the pyramids of Egypt repeats the location of the stars of Orion relative to the Milky Way.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place?

omissions in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write out this word.

Thus

because

6. In one of the words highlighted below there was an error in the formation of the form

words. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

pair of socks

sixty years

both sisters

legitimize the construction

pair of stockings

Answer: ___________________________.

7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

OFFERS A) The books introduce and give some idea of ​​the life of Russian society at that time. B) No one outside this room will hear a sound. C) One of the famous scientists of the twentieth century who had a significant influence on the development of linguistics was Ferdinand de Saussure. D) On the eve of the premiere of “Betrothal in a Monastery” - an opera by Sergei Prokofiev - we argued about the details of the plot. D) According to ancient legend, it was edelweiss that grew from the blood of Prometheus chained to a rock.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS 1) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition 2) violation of the connection between subject and predicate 3) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application 4) error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members 5) incorrect construction of sentences with participial phrases 6) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases 7) incorrect construction of sentences with indirect speech

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

Attached

Bless...

Experiment

Exchange...whip

Touch..dream

Answer:____________________

14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.

And so Avdotya decided to go to the monastery. She sold her hundred souls and the same number left to her by her husband, lived as a novice for six years, became a nun for five years, gave half of the capital to the monastery, the rest to the relatives of her late husband.

Answer: ___________________________.

15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.

1) By evening, my arms, legs and shoulders were aching and longing for rest.

2) There were daffodils and tulips, pansies and forget-me-nots, dahlias and

3) We were promised an exciting journey along the protected Red Coast, flowering steppes and foothills of Crimea.

4) Goncharov strives to depict the national essence of the Russian person and his natural properties.

5) The moon rose and illuminated both the road and the field, and the houses of the sleeping village.

Answer: ___________________________.

16.

Simonov (1) having fished out processed cheese or scraps of ham from between the windows (2), put on the plate and began his bachelor's feast (3) on a neatly spread (4) newspaper.

Answer: ___________________________.

17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentences.

Poetry in the work of F. Sologub (1) according to critics (2) plays an important role and (3) without a doubt (4) along with the novel “The Little Demon”, it constitutes the most valuable part of the author’s creative heritage.

Answer: ___________________________.

18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in their place

There must be commas in the sentence.

A small house (1) to tell (2) about which (3) I consider it my duty (4) stood on the other side of the lake.

Answer: ___________________________.

19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in their place

There must be commas in the sentence.

Alyosha had an unusually developed imagination (1) and (2) when we read the same book together (3) he always very vividly imagined the events described (4) and added something of his own to them.

Answer: ___________________________.

more reliable, or rather, here your will and power are greater, it is maximum.

(According to M.I. Weller*)

*Mikhail Iosifovich Weller (born in 1948) - modern Russian

prose writer, playwright, publicist.

20. Which statement matches the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) The question of happiness cannot be considered without addressing the problem of moral duty and the meaning of life.

2) A successful combination of external life circumstances allows every person to find peace of mind.

3) Wealth and success in professional activity are essential conditions for a person to feel happy.

4) Human values ​​and beliefs are the least dependent on external circumstances.

5) A person’s happiness is not measured by material goods.

21. Which of the following statements are incorrect? Please provide answer numbers.

Which statement is false?

1) Sentences 8-10 provide a description.

2) Sentences 18-22 present the narrative.

3) Sentences 4-6 explain the judgment expressed in sentence 3 of the text.

4) Sentences 23-31 present the reasoning.

5) Sentences 38-40 present the narrative.

Answer:______________

22. From sentences 10-12, write down colloquial words.

Answer:_________________________________

23. Among sentences 15-21, find one that connects with the previous ones using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

Answer: ___________________________.

3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives meanings

The answers to tasks 1–24 are a word, phrase, number or

words LOCATION. Determine the meaning of this word

sequence of words, numbers. Write your answer in the answer field in the text

used in the first (1) sentence of the text. Write down the number

work, and then transfer to ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the number

corresponding to this meaning in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

tasks starting from the first cell, no spaces, commas, etc.

1) Position (1 character) and Position (1 character). Organize books

additional characters. Write each letter or number separately.

on shelves. Squad location.

cell in accordance with the samples given in the form.

2) Area where troops are stationed. Invade the river enemy. Get close

Read the text and complete tasks 1–3.

to the enemy's location.

3) The order or method of placing something. Get an apartment with a convenient

(1) For centuries, Egyptologists have tried to find out whether there is any

arrangement of rooms. Change p. furniture in the interior. Thematic r.

any pattern in the location of the great pyramids of Egypt, and if

photos in the album.

exists, then which one. (2) Once upon a time, engineer Robert Bauvel, who for a long time

4) (to someone or something). A good, favorable attitude towards someone; sympathy.

lived in Egypt and was interested in the mysteries of the pyramids, saw a map on TV

Show special p. to smb. Heartfelt, sincere p. Feel,

starry sky, which depicted the Milky Way and the constellation Orion.

experience p. Notice someone's R.

(3)….. the engineer understood: the location of the pyramids relative to the Nile is completely

5) usually with def. Internal mental state, mood. Wake up in

repeats the location of the stars of Orion relative to the Milky Way.

good mood. Be in a bad mood. No

1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN

information contained in the text?

4. There was an error in one of the words below

1) Egyptologists around the world for a long time could not reveal the secret of the location

ancient pyramids.

stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound is highlighted incorrectly.

2) Robert Bauvel revealed one of the secrets of the pyramids, guessing that they

Write out this word.

the arrangement repeats the arrangement of the stars of Orion relative to the Milky Way

spoiled

3) For many years it was unknown whether there was any pattern in

plum

the location of the pyramids on the lands of Ancient Egypt.

will present (medal)

4) The ancient pyramids of Egypt revealed their countless secrets to modern people

Answer: ___________________________.

5) Having seen a map of the starry sky on TV, Bauvel realized that the location

5. One of the sentences below uses INCORRECTLY

pyramids of Egypt repeats the arrangement of the stars of Orion relative to the Milky Way

highlighted word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place

People who have recently arrived in a foreign country may find it difficult to overcome

The language barrier.

omissions in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write out this word.

The power of air conditioners in the cabins of some aircraft is not enough to

COMFORTABLE state of the pilot.

Thus

Sergei got up at six in the morning, because in the army he was used to HARD

discipline.

because

From a distance the tramp of horses was heard, and soon a horse appeared on the road.

group of riders.

Answer: ___________________________.

Our village is famous for its GLASS production.

Answer: ___________________________.

6. In one of the words highlighted below there was an error in the formation of the form

words. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly. a pair of socks for sixty years of both sisters to legitimize the construction of a pair of stockings

Answer: ___________________________.

7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

OFFERS	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A) Books introduce and give some		misuse
insight into the life of a Russian	case form of the noun with
society of that time.	pretext
B) None of those who are outside		disruption of communication between
this room, they will not hear a sound.	subject and predicate
B) One of the famous scientists		violation in construction
twentieth century, which had	proposals with inconsistent
significant impact on development	application
linguistics, was Ferdinand de		error in sentence construction
	with homogeneous members
D) On the eve of the premiere of “Betrothal in		incorrect construction
Monastery" - operas by Sergei	sentences with adverbs
Prokofiev - we argued about	turnover
plot details.		violation in construction
D) According to ancient legend, it is	sentences with participial phrase
edelweiss grew on blood		incorrect construction
Prometheus chained to a rock.	sentences with indirect speech

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter. Apply Bless..Experiment Exchange..kick Touch..Touch

Answer:____________________

9. Identify the row in which both words in the prefix are missing one and the same

the same letter. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter. ra...to catch,..danie pr...pocket, pr..darling from...to play, post...heart attack to...shrink, injection...

up.. mother, under.. play Answer: ___________________________.

10. Write down the word in which the letter E is written in place of the gap. siren... howling tinkling... thoughtful... wild... nka

talented Answer: ___________________________.

eleven . Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

Took it out..sh Answer: ___________________________.

12. Determine the sentence in which NOT is written together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.

Ushakov’s (un)defeated squadron conquered the impregnable fortress of Corfu and cleared the Ionian Islands, Naples and Malta of the French hordes.

Alexander passed by without (not) saying a word.

In a flower garden, tall stems of wormwood look (un)usually impressive. The mechanism of interaction between the sense of smell and other perception systems is still not fully (un)revealed.

On the table lay a letter that had not yet been sent.

Answer: ___________________________.

13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.

(NOT) DESPITE the fact that they forgot to notify the employees (IN) ATTEMPTS about the changes that had taken place, everything went well.

WHATEVER happens, his parents will always come to his aid - Maksimka was sure of this, (THAT) he easily took the risk.

Alexey still often remembered the house, and in these memories he (REALLY) rested his soul.

Answer: ___________________________.

14. Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.	Read the text and complete tasks 20 – 25.
And so Avdotya decided to go to the monastery. Sold my hundred souls and the same	(1) Fate also has power over the things we need for happiness,
left to her by her husband, lived on obedience for six years, five years as	and circumstances, and other people - we will repeat after the ancients
tonsured (2) and became a nun, gave half of the capital to the monastery, the rest -	philosophers. (2) There are rivals, and accidents, and illnesses. (3)Sometimes from us
relationship (3) to the deceased husband.	depends little, and sometimes nothing at all. (4) Earthquake,
Answer: ___________________________.	flood, fire - and you are a beggar. (5) An unexpected competitor appeared - and
15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of proposals in which	you are without a job or without a place in the national team. (6) War, crisis, crime
you need to put ONE comma.	subordinate - and goodbye career. (7) I just saved up money, only
1) By evening, my arms, legs and shoulders were aching and longing for rest.	I was dreaming about a new apartment... (8) The rooms are spacious, on the ceiling
2) There were daffodils and tulips, pansies and forget-me-nots, dahlias and	stucco. (9)Heated floors. (10) There is a dishwasher in the kitchen...
	(11) Then the bank burst, and with it the savings of your whole life.
3) We were promised an exciting trip along the protected Red Coast	(12) The more earthly things you have, the more troubles you will have
flowering steppes and foothills of Crimea.	and accidents you want to insure yourself. (13) The more worries that
4) Goncharov strives to portray the national essence of the Russian person and	make life difficult. (14) You spin like a squirrel in a wheel. (15) Work, home,
its natural properties.	urgent payments, insurance, business connections, image maintenance,
5) The moon rose and illuminated both the road and the field, and the houses of the sleeping village.	self-control in behavior... (16) However, the happiness that was planned was not
Answer: ___________________________.	is coming. (17) After all, often in such chaos there is no time to feel yourself
16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in place of which in	happy!
sentences must contain commas.	(18) But no one can give us the order to think and feel differently, but
Simonov (1) fishing out processed cheese or ham trimmings from the window pane (2)	otherwise. (19) In what other people and external circumstances have the least power -
put on the record and began his bachelor's feast (3) neatly	in our inner world, subordinate only to ourselves. (20) Nobody
spread (4) newspaper.	will forbid me to love the things that I love. (21) This is how I always felt about
Answer: ___________________________.	something, that’s how I feel about it, and you won’t do anything to me. (22) Himself
17. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in place of which in	then I always have my feelings with me.
Sentences must contain commas.	(23) Let’s say they put a person in solitary confinement. (24) Punished?
Poetry in the works of F. Sologub (1) according to critics (2) plays an important	(25) Nothing like that! (26) Yes, he may have dreamed all his life that he
role and (3) without a doubt (4) along with the novel “The Little Demon” constitutes	left alone! (27) He is indifferent to gastronomy, open
the most valuable part of the author's creative heritage.	spaces frighten him, he doesn’t like to move a lot, from bright light
Answer: ___________________________.	eyes hurt. (28) He hates the service. (29) But here the food, the regime, the wife is not
18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in their place	nags, children don’t bother... (30) They give paper and pen, they allow you to write
	as much as it will fit. (31) What else does he need?! (32) He may have wanted books all his life
A small house (1) to tell (2) about which (3) I consider it my duty (4)	write! (33) Enjoys all the conditions for creativity and peace
stood on the other side of the lake.
Answer: ___________________________.	(34) After all, you will agree, this is theoretically quite possible. (35) Than
19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in their place	The fewer external things a person needs for happiness, the easier it is for him to be
There must be commas in the sentence.	happy. (36) No envy, no competition, no exhausting race in
Alyosha had an unusually developed imagination (1) and (2) when we were together	struggle for life. (37) Happiness is your inner state, not things and
read the same book (3) he always imagined very vividly	portraits in newspapers.
described events (4) and added something of his own to them.	(38) So, maybe we need to turn our gaze inward and direct our efforts
Answer: ___________________________.	not to external things, over which one often has no control, but to the internal
	condition. (39) To the point where even with little you are happy. (40) This

more reliable, or rather, here your will and power are greater, it is maximum.

(According to M.I. Weller*)

*Mikhail Iosifovich Weller (born in 1948) is a modern Russian prose writer, playwright, and publicist.

20. Which statement corresponds to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

1) The question of happiness cannot be considered without addressing the problem of moral duty and the meaning of life.

2) A successful combination of external life circumstances allows every person to find peace of mind.

3) Wealth and success in professional activity are essential conditions for a person to feel happy.

4) Human values ​​and beliefs are the least dependent on external circumstances.

5) A person's happiness is not measured by material goods.

21. Which of the following statements are incorrect? Please provide answer numbers.

Which statement is false?

1) Sentences 8–10 provide a description.

2) Sentences 18–22 present the narrative.

3) Sentences 4–6 explain the judgment expressed in sentence 3 of the text.

4) Sentences 23–31 present the reasoning.

5) Sentences 38-40 present the narrative.

Answer:______________

22. From sentences 10-12, write down colloquial words.

Answer:_________________________________

23. Among sentences 15–21, find one that is connected to the previous ones using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number of this offer.

Answer: ___________________________.

24. Reflecting on a philosophical problem, M. Weller uses

a whole arsenal of techniques for sharp journalistic polemics. In the syntax of the text there are __________ (sentences 12–13, 38–39), there is a whole series of __________ (sentences 17, 26, 32).

Among the lexical means of expressiveness, we note the combination ________

“sharah” (sentence 11), “saws” (sentence 29) and _______: “powerful” (sentence 1), “earthly” (sentence 12), “strive” (sentence

1) colloquial and colloquial vocabulary

2) syntactic parallelism

3) phraseological unit(s)

4) epithet(s)

5) rhetorical exclamation(s)

6) row(s) of homogeneous members

7) parcellation

8) book word(s)

9) interrogative sentence(s) (rhetorical question(s)) Answer:

25. Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting). Formulate the position of the author (storyteller). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the text you read. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on reading experience, as well as knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points. Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

2-this way

5-horse

7- A-4, b- 2, c-6, d-3, d-1 8- bless 9- lift up play along 10 lilac 11 sealed 12 unusually

13despite the haste

22-ball burst

Problems:

The problem of happiness depending on external circumstances. (Does human happiness depend on external circumstances?)

The problem of the connection between wealth and everyday well-being and happiness. (Does possessing earthly goods bring a person closer to happiness?)

The problem of the independence of human values ​​and beliefs from the external circumstances of life. (To what extent can external circumstances influence a person’s value system and beliefs?) The problem of the relationship between happiness and success in life. (Is a person’s happiness necessarily associated with wealth, success and material well-being?)

“Things needed for happiness” often depend not on the person himself, but on external life circumstances beyond his control.

Possessing earthly goods does not bring a person closer to happiness, but, on the contrary, distances him from it. Human values ​​and beliefs are almost independent of external circumstances.

Happiness is a state of inner peace; it may have nothing to do with the external attributes of success in life

Option. You can change the object of your passion - and with another person you can experience the same, bygone, happiness. Don Juan joke: love is always the same - only its objects change. After all, Romeo fell in love with Juliet when he despaired of winning Rosaline. (Shakespeare was very smart.)

Theoretically speaking, you can do just the opposite: while maintaining the same object, change your attitude towards it. This is familiar to many women who wanted to overcome the love that ruled them for an unworthy person, a tormentor, when the prospects for happiness were still not visible. They look for vices and shortcomings in their loved one, diligently inflate their disgust for them - and sometimes love really passes. And what does a man do, long and diligently seeking reciprocity from his beloved, whom he doesn’t like very much? He goes to any lengths to make her change her attitude towards him, this is a whole science. And often achieves her love! He becomes a source of happiness for her - but he is the same.

TO HAVE AND NOT TO HAVE. Fate, circumstances, and other people have power over the things we need from life for happiness - we will repeat after the ancient philosophers. There are rivals, accidents, and illnesses. Sometimes little depends on us, and sometimes nothing depends on us at all. An earthquake, a flood, a fire - and you are a beggar. An unexpected competitor - and you are without a job or without a place in the national team. War, crisis, crime of a subordinate - and goodbye to your career. Sharakh - the bank has burst, and with it the savings of your whole life.

The more you have, the more troubles and accidents you want to insure against. The more worries. You spin like a squirrel in a wheel. Work, home, payments, insurance, business connections, maintaining an image, self-control in behavior... And you can still be unhappy! Yes, often there is simply no time to feel happy.

But no one can order us to think and feel differently. Where other people and external circumstances have the least power is in our inner world. No one can stop me from loving what I love. This is how I feel about something - this is how I feel about it, and you won’t do anything to me. I myself and my feelings are always with me.

They put a man in solitary confinement. Punished? Fig! Yes, all my life I have dreamed of solitude and peace! I’m indifferent to gastronomy, open spaces scare me, I don’t like to move a lot, bright light hurts my eyes. I hate the service. But here there is food, a regime, the wife doesn’t nag, the children don’t bother – and they give you paper and a pen, and you’re allowed to write as much as you like. What else do I need?!

I enjoy all the conditions for creativity and a quiet life.

After all, this is theoretically quite possible.

The fewer external things a person needs to be happy, the easier it is for him to be happy. No envy, no competition, no exhausting race in the struggle for life. Happiness is your inner state, not junk and portraits in newspapers.

So you need to look inside yourself, and direct your efforts not to external things, over which you often have no control, but to an internal state where you are happy even with little. This is more reliable, or rather, here your will and power are greater, maximum.

ECCLESIASTES AND SENECA. Better is a pinch in peace than a handful in toil and torment of spirit, Ecclesiastes said three thousand years ago. This is an old truth.

This is what ancient philosophers taught. Be content with little. Drive away unfulfilled desires. Don't be tempted by the hard to achieve. Have as little as possible of what is easy to lose, then enemies and nature will not have power over you. Be happy with the most essential things in life.

Do you have food, shelter, clothing, family, children, respect from fellow citizens? This is quite enough for the happiness of any worthy person. What if he doesn’t feel happy? Let him improve himself, work on himself, so that he feels it in the end. This is why man is given reason and will. The main thing is that you understand and want it.

And where you can’t do anything, you shouldn’t want anything, Seneca said. There is no greater misfortune than wicked desires.

Very reasonable. Clear, rational, useful. It's hard to argue. These animals are guided only by desires and instincts. But man, unlike them, is given reason. And reason should guide everything. Controlling your feelings according to your surroundings is the greatest blessing. This is what we should strive for first of all.

That is. You can achieve happiness by satisfying your needs beyond what is necessary. It's difficult, risky, pointless.

And you can achieve happiness by reducing your needs and desires to what is vital and already existing.

The main thing is that there is a correspondence between what you want for happiness and what you already have.

ALEXANDER AND DIOGENES. Diogenes lived in Athens. He had a barrel for shelter, a torn robe, and a lantern. With this lantern he ran around the city during the day and shouted: “I’m looking for people!” In our time, such a person would be called a troublemaker.

He decided to be content with the minimum in life. The only household utensils he had were a drinking shard. Seeing a dog lap up water from a stream, he was ashamed of his excess and threw away the shard.

He was in excellent health. Without health, you cannot survive the winter in such conditions, even in Greece. That is, he had physical needs and their minimal satisfaction. He also considered communicating with a woman an excess, and demonstratively engaged in masturbation, and when passers-by shamed him, he objected: “Oh, if only it were so easy to satisfy hunger.” Because of this fact, the current concept of “cynicism” is not at all what the school of ancient Cynics taught. They only remember: “What is natural is not ugly.”

Alexander the Great, on the contrary, was the king of a half-world empire. He once visited the famous sage Diogenes and, wanting to show himself as a guardian of philosophy, asked what he could do for him that was necessary and good. To which I received the answer: “Move aside, you are blocking the sun for me.” Having appreciated what he heard, Alexander said with feeling: “I would like to be Diogenes, if I were not Alexander.” The story is famous.

Alexander soon died in India, and Diogenes lived for a long time.

According to ancient authors, this should speak of the advantages of a philosophical life, since the advantages of imperial life are already clear to everyone. Nevertheless, such a philosophical life has always attracted an insignificant minority of people, who form the very exception from the general mass that confirms the rule. The rule is that youth were brought up by the example of Alexander, but by no means Diogenes.

Alexander was a student of Aristotle and a very educated man. What influenced his worldview very partially: he decided to instill his views into everyone who inhabits the world within his reach. The Hellenization of the ecumene proceeded with fire and sword. The ambition of the young ruler was boundless.

So teach people to be content with what they need.

THE OTHER SIDE OF THE COIN: UNHAPPINESS. One way or another, people don’t want to live in barrels. Their desire for happiness is extensive: to add something, complement it, change it upward, usually like that.

But the desired happiness as a goal is located at some distance, and troubles lurk at every step. When you achieve love, you are terribly nervous at every step, a lot of strong negative emotions. And if you don’t achieve it, there will be a lot of grief. And love is more often unhappy than mutual. Why is it so necessary, please tell me?

Fame means overexertion, stress, tranquilizers, disappointments, frustrations, tears; otherwise it’s impossible, if you take it steeply into the wind, you’re pushing yourself to the limit of all possibilities.

Big sport means injuries, ruined health, a person who is not yet old becomes disabled, forgotten and useless to anyone, suffers morally and physically, but you can’t buy health.

A great career requires the ability to endure spitting, swallow insults, put up with the meanness of friends and the treachery of enemies, control your every step, forget about free time; sometimes you have to sacrifice friends, love, conscience.

1

Weller M. All about life. – St. Petersburg: Password, 2005.

A person comes into this world to experience it. By getting to know the world, a person gets to know himself. And inevitably turns to the concept of happiness. First of all, he is in constant search of his own happiness, because he is interested in himself, his own feelings and experiences. A person always wants a lot of things: love, health, power, financial well-being, etc. If we bring it to a common denominator, then we can say: a person wants to feel good. To achieve this “good”, a person searches for happiness. Why search, you ask? Because happiness is an elusive, changeable thing. How to determine exactly how much health, success or money this particular person needs to be happy? Where is this measure? Some watermelon, some pork cartilage. Today, for example, winning this competition can be a blessing for me. But it’s not a fact that I will feel the same in a month or a year. Moreover, a person can get everything he wanted and still feel unhappy. Here you can recall the plot of any more or less well-known fairy tale (well, for example, about the Princess Nesmeyan). Why is it that a completely ordinary, even narrow-minded person always smiles, is happy with everything, but for a smart, enterprising person everything is not so, an eternal search, just like in the famous song: “I was brave and lucky, but I didn’t know happiness...” This is about such a difficult , but an integral part of human life, I would like to reflect on the pages of my research work.

Relevance

In our opinion, the question of the relevance of happiness always takes place, in all times and eras. The essence of happiness, its meaning in human life - all these questions have haunted the human mind for centuries. This is his need - to feel happy. We must remember that a person experiences happiness through himself, he must have this ability to experience happiness. That is, what matters is not what you have, but what you experience from it, what it means to you. The state of happiness is within you. When communicating with people close to you or interesting to you, we often ask: are you happy? Are you happy with your life? A person always thinks about what he needs for happiness, since life as a complex of sensations is the basis of life as a complex of reasoning. And there is no timely relevance in this; these positions are always relevant and, most likely, will remain so. “Fate, circumstances, and other people have power over the things we need from life for happiness,” we echo the great philosophers.

Purpose of the study:

Research objectives:

1. Analyze the main provisions of philosophical schools and trends of the postclassical period of ancient philosophy (hedonism, Epicureanism, Cynicism, Stoicism, skepticism);

2. Give your own assessment of each direction, finding similarities or differences with the modern sociocultural situation;

3. After analyzing, identify your own point of view on the problem of happiness

Object of study:

The problem of happiness in human life.

Subject of study:

Identification of forms and properties in the development of the category of happiness and its influence on a person’s worldview.

Degree of knowledge of the problem:

Almost every significant philosopher necessarily touched upon the topic of happiness in his discussions: from antiquity to the present day. These are, first of all, ancient thinkers whom we take for analysis - Epicurus, Diogenes, Seneca, Marcus Aurelius, Aristippus, Pyrrho, etc. In the Middle Ages, human happiness was associated, of course, with theocentrism, with divine connection to human life - Aurelius Augustine, Pierre Abelard, etc. The Renaissance understands happiness as the possibility of manifestation of the creative component of a person - Pico della Mirandola, Nicholas of Cusa, etc. Modern times are trying to find a natural scientific background to happiness, including - Rene Descartes, Benedict Spinoza, etc. During the Enlightenment, French philosophers devoted entire treatises to the problem of happiness - Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Henri Holbach, etc. German classics paid great attention to the personality of man and all manifestations of this personality - Immanuel Kant, Georg Hegel, etc. Almost all modern philosophical movements in one way or another address the problem of happiness human - existentialism, phenomenology, psychoanalysis, postmodernism, etc.

Main part

Many questions of human existence cannot be answered: who am I? why and where did you come to this world? where will I disappear? what will remain after me? Observing the world around him, a person understands how fragile human life is. But... for some reason, from century to century, he seeks conditions of stability, a fulcrum, and perhaps feels this at the moment of happiness. So what is it? Man has been asking himself this question for a very long time. First of all, we must recall such ancient Greek philosophical schools and movements that brought to the fore the concept of eudaimonia = happiness, such as: hedonism, epicureanism, skepticism, stoicism, cynicism.

Hedonists (from ancient Greek - “pleasure”, “pleasure”) turn to the search for happiness through pleasure, complete satisfaction of desires, sliding towards the satisfaction of the most base, primary needs (food, sex, sleep, etc.) I think that this dead end path. Very interestingly, a similar situation at its apogee is described in the work of O. Huxley “Brave New World”. Ultimately, what kills us is what we love.

Epicureanism (on behalf of the founder Epicurus) is aimed at finding happiness through peace (= entelechy), and peace is given to a person through knowledge. Here we can draw the following analogy: a child is afraid to sleep in a dark room, because he does not know what is lurking in the dark. If you turn on the light and show that there is no drum there, the child will recognize this, peace will come to him and he will happily fall asleep. Followers of Epicureanism argue in much the same way. Happiness through peace, peace through knowledge.

The school of Cynics (today we say Cynics) develops the legacy of the great Socrates. Diogenes and Antisthenes voted for simplification, asceticism - and in this they saw the acquisition of happiness. ABOUT! How relevant this is today in the era of total consumption! In fact, a person doesn’t need much to feel happy. Today's world demonstrates the dead end of non-stop consumption. Why do the most economically developed countries have such a high suicide rate? Why can not the richest person sometimes feel much happier than the most successful millionaire? The meaning of cynicism is also that simplification extends to the moral side of life. The development of cynicism in the modern context is very well demonstrated by some professions, for example, a doctor or an official (for example, Dr. Bykov from “Interns” or his prototype from a foreign TV series - Dr. House).

Stoicism is another direction that will help us understand the issue of happiness. The Stoics insist that we cannot change the world around us, but we can rise above it by cultivating peace and patience. You need to live in accordance with nature and focus your behavior on virtues: rationality, valor, justice and moderation. Stoics are those who stoically endure the blows of fate. After all, suffering is something that contradicts and interferes with finding happiness, but without them life is impossible. So the happiness of a stoic is that he does not desire any happiness. Well, how difficult it is to get to this point. But won't such an attitude lead to indifference or apathy? These are the following questions that arise in my mind.

There is another direction of eudaimonism - skepticism. Skeptics are not at all focused on searching for truth, since they believe that this is a very changeable category. The reason for this or that phenomenon cannot be explained, therefore we must refrain from any judgments on this matter. Skepticism does not doubt the existence of the world, but it doubts what is said about it.

In general, all these philosophical schools can be classified as the current of eudaimonism. Eudaimonism recognizes the criterion of morality and the basis of human behavior as his desire to achieve happiness. (Table 1)

So how can I find this very happiness that I so want? What to rely on when searching for it? Knowledge, asceticism, doubt, patience or pleasure - what can give it? Probably a little bit of everything. But the main thing, in my opinion, in the pursuit of happiness is not to forget how to listen to yourself, focus on the opinions of loved ones, appreciate intimate moments, try to see the beauty in the ordinary. We are not immune from insults and mistakes, but as Marcus Aurelius said: “If you cannot change your circumstances, change your attitude towards them.” A person changes himself, changes the world around him, changes his life. Today we experience the transience of the moment like no other generation. We are simultaneously immersed in limitless communication (Internet, social networks and communities, etc.) and at the same time acutely lonely.

Conclusion

And as a conclusion, I would like to cite the phrase of the famous writer Ayn Rand: “Any kind of happiness is a very personal matter. The greatest moments in our lives are intimate, intrinsically motivated and untouchable. What is sacred and dear to us is what we refuse to share with anyone. But now we are taught that we need to put everything private into public view and let everyone touch it” (“The Concept of Selfishness”). This statement very accurately reflects my understanding of happiness. Therefore, I am ready to speculate on the topic of happiness, but I will never be able to open up completely.

Table 1

Direction	Representatives	Main ideas and provisions	Reflection in today
Hedonism	Aristippus	Happiness is in pleasure and enjoyment	Modern consumer society supports this position
Epicureanism		Happiness in knowledge and reasonable restrictions	Modern science is built on rationalism
Skepticism	Pyrrho, Sextus Empiricus	Happiness in doubt	The world is diverse and contradictory
	Diogenes, Antisthenes	Happiness lies in simplification and asceticism	Today there is rather a conditional cynicism, manifested in disdain for eternal values
Stoicism	Seneca, Marcus Aurelius	Happiness comes from being close to nature and being patient.	Modern man is not inclined to limit himself

Bibliographic link

Volokhova A.R. HOW TO BE HAPPY?! (THE PROBLEM OF HAPPINESS IN HUMAN PHILOSOPHY AND WORLDVIEW) // Start in science. – 2017. – No. 1. – P. 72-74;
URL: http://science-start.ru/ru/article/view?id=540 (access date: 01/24/2020).

When getting rid of unnecessary things - be it selling an old car, donating unworn items of clothing or children's toys - we often think that these things will be useful to someone, or the sale will bring us some profit, or we will hear words of gratitude. But it’s all empty. Why not think, first of all, that we are getting rid of something unnecessary in our lives that took up a lot of space and brought virtually no benefit?

Financial gurus often advise making selling extra items another source of money. It's hard to disagree with this. And yet, another aspect is much more important: removing from sight many objects that only interfere and even distract from more useful activities and acquisitions. Sounds crazy? Let's figure out what is our priority in this case and ask ourselves a few questions.

Why do I need so much junk?

When it comes to everyday things, everyone's attitude towards them is different. Some people are annoyed by outdated and non-functional items, while others are unbearably sorry to part with them. Others may come up with a place for something and forget about it rather than throw it away. But at some point, there is more savings than there is space in the house. Once this happens, it becomes obvious that something needs to be gotten rid of. There is a good solution for reducing the number of things without much effort.

First of all, let's understand one truth: if I had fewer things, it would be easier for me to manage them. But the most difficult thing is to decide: what exactly can I get rid of without regret?

A few reasons why we keep so many things

Our discoveries

They begin from the minute the process of getting rid of trash begins (that’s what we’ll call everything unnecessary). The empty space that we were so afraid of turns out to be freedom, and it’s just time to start celebrating the day of liberation. It turns out that friends are actually completely uninterested in what furniture they sit or lie on. They didn't come to sit on your plush sofa at all. It is much more pleasant for them to chat, drink tea or beer together, at the kitchen table or on the balcony, or even sitting on a wooden floor.

What makes you happy?

Where does our precious energy go? We have too easily convinced ourselves that the recipe for happiness is wealth, fame and power. Such fetishes are the most important for some, but are such a global state as happiness exhausted by them? Let's try to dwell on three significant concepts and connect our personal experience with them. Let’s repeat it like a mantra: I’m most often happy when I:

If you asked this question, it means that you did not quite understand the essence of what was said above. Note that spiritual concepts most often directly imply the participation of quite tangible objects. Money and high-tech gadgets can be extremely helpful in our pursuit of goodness and beauty. Nobody talks about floating above the ground. But there is no direct need to subordinate your existence to the accumulation of things.

What is needed and what is not needed: how to figure it out?

Finding out what it really takes to thrive is much easier than it seems. Let's try to figure out what things really matter and make us happier. When sorting through your “rubles,” ask yourself a few questions that will significantly simplify the task, and you can easily decide what to keep, and what to donate, sell, or send to a landfill.

Help from a friend

It is quite possible that the help of a friend or girlfriend will be invaluable. How? When going shopping, it is useful to take with you a friend with a sober view of things, who can stop, suggest, and dissuade you from buying an initially unnecessary item. She knows the way about your goal - to get rid of excess and not replenish unnecessary supplies. This game will appeal to both her and you. And most importantly, there will be real benefits for your wallet and home.

And if you have a friend who is not too lazy to sort out your papers, old books and records and take all the moral and physical trash out into the street - this will be a huge gift! You will breathe easily. You will feel happy and free, which, in essence, is the same thing.

What to do with things that you no longer need, but you can’t throw away?

Here you can return to the question of money, which is never superfluous. If you don't have anyone willing to snap up your extra items, you might consider one of the following options:

• Donate your clothes, household appliances, and obsolete gadgets to a thrift store.
• Put something up for sale on Internet resources like Avito or eBay.
• Give your things to those who need them. There are special funds that accept clothing and household items to help the poor.

All over the world, yard sales are practiced - you put out everything you don't need, some are sold, some are given away. You can even come up with a prize draw.

And then you will return to your slightly empty apartment and breathe freely. And you say to yourself: “Why did I need so much junk?”