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Red gem called - Yakhont

Everyone remembers from children's fairy tales the old Russian appeal “You are my Yakhontovy”, which means “My dear, precious”. And there is another expression - "the eyes burn with yahonts", that is, "glow with red fire." What kind of gem is this - yahont?

Origin of the word

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal points to the Arabic origin of the word and explains that rubies are called that, and azure yahonts are sapphires. But cherry (amethyst) and yellow (hyacinth), although they are used in speech, are not yahontas at all.

Modern scientists attribute the name to ancient Greek and Persian roots, it has also taken root in the Old Russian language. This was the designation of the precious corundums of red and blue flowers. Indeed, the difference between rubies and sapphires in chemical terms is only in the percentage of the metal, but it must be remembered that sapphires are rich in color scheme, and only reds were called yachts. It is interesting that in antiquity it was rubies that were called "burning coal" - anthrax.

Celebrity Stones

Yakhont has always been and is one of the most expensive crystals in the world. Some specimens are so beautiful and valuable that they get their own name. There are not many large rubies found, and not all of them are jewelry processing due to many defects. For example, jewelers know a story about a 400-carat stone, which, however, had to be divided into 3 parts to obtain a worthy precious material.

The largest of the faceted rubies is the Liberty Bell. Due to the low quality of the source material, the master applied unusual shape bell-cut, which made it possible to simultaneously reveal the beauty of the gem to the maximum and preserve its size (14 cm).

Indian beauties "Famous Star" (6465 kt) and "King of Gems" (2475 kt) shine with thousands of sparks from the inside - these are asterias. The famous double asterium is also of Indian origin - a ruby ​​\u200b\u200bcalled "Niilanjahi" weighs 1370 kt, a twelve-pointed star shines from its heart.

The most ideal stellar corundum in the world is recognized as a cherry stone weighing only 136 carats: it is distinguished by its special purity and transparency. The crystal bears the name of its first owner, Rosser Reeves, who donated this priceless piece to the Smithsonian Museum, USA.

Yakhonts "Freedom" and "Mercy" are famous not only for their parameters, but also for the plots of the same name carved on their surface.

red sapphire - ruby

Historical misconceptions

In ancient times, all red stones were called rubies (from the Latin "red"), and in Russia - yahonts. The more science developed, the more accurately the stones were classified, and one color alone was not enough to identify it. And it often turned out that eminent yachts were not rubies at all, but spinel, garnet, tourmaline. So it was, for example, with the "Cap of Monomakh": 3 red stones turned out to be spinel, and not the most expensive gems. Although such a substitution does not detract from the beauty of the jewelry masterpiece.

The same story is with the stone "Timur" from the treasury of the English Queen Elizabeth II. It was famous for its size and the fact that the names of all its royal owners are carved on it, including Tamerlane, after whom the crystal got its name. Only after analysis in the middle of the 19th century. it was also found to be a red spinel.

Most of all, the connoisseurs hold in high esteem the yachts of the color of the blood of a dove. The Burmese called such specimens "drops of blood from the heart of the earth-mother", and later the Italians began to call them carbuncles.

Yakhont is a royal stone. Many crystals adorn the royal regalia from the Kremlin treasury: a scepter - 96 units, a golden ball ("power") - 123.

In 1988, the highest price in history per ruby ​​weight unit was set - almost 230 thousand dollars. This is how the 16-carat precious insert in the ring was evaluated at the auction.

Looking at transparent corundum, fiery red ruby ​​and blue sapphire, few of us can imagine that these stones, so different in appearance, have something in common with each other. Meanwhile, all the above-mentioned minerals are very similar in their physico-chemical properties.

In essence, they differ only in the presence of various impurities, due to which the stones acquire one color or another. Pure corundum is colorless, chromium oxide gives the stone all shades of red, titanium is able to color the mineral blue, and iron oxide gives the crystals a yellow tint.

However, in ancient times, when it was not possible to conduct a deep analysis of the composition of minerals, the classification of stones was carried out according to the principle of external similarity. For example, the word "corundum" referred to extremely hard, second only to diamond, stones brought from India.

Sapphires (from the Greek "sappheiros", which in turn comes from the Hebrew "sappir" - "blue") were most often called lapis lazuli and other opaque minerals. of blue color. The word "ruby" (from the Latin "rubens" - "red") appeared only 300 BC. Prior to that, all red, luminous stones (red garnets, rubies, spinel) were called carbuncles in the countries of medieval Europe and yahonts in Russia.

It was the ruby, sparkling in the dark like a hot coal, that was valued in antiquity above the diamond. In the Roman Empire, this stone was dedicated to the god of war Ares and the titan Kronos, in India, China, Burma, and Japan it was considered a symbol of vitality, love, passion, and royal dignity.

Sailors always took it with them when they sailed, as there was an opinion that this stone was able to prevent shipwrecks. In India, rubies, called "ratnaraj" (translated from Sanskrit - "king of precious stones"), or "ratnanayaka" ("leader of precious stones") were divided into four castes (like the whole society).

According to belonging to a particular caste, the stone had different influence to the person who owns it. The ruby-brahmin contributed to the awakening of spiritual energy, the kshatriya helped to gain power over people, bestowed invincibility in battle, the vaishya could ensure good luck in trading, and the sudra was only suitable for making jewelry.

The magicians of Burma believed that a ruby ​​sewn under the skin would make a person completely invulnerable to arrows, swords, spears and bullets. In addition, it was believed that by changing the color of this stone can warn the owner of danger. At the same time, in order to best manifest the magical properties of the crystal, it should be worn as a pendant at the level of the heart, and so that the stone is constantly in contact with the body.

What is it really like, this mysterious stone, so diverse in color and attributed to it magical properties? We will try to find the answer to this question, along the way making efforts to debunk the most persistent myths and misconceptions about corundum and its varieties.

Ruby and sapphire have nothing in common. In fact, both of these stones are a kind of corundum - a mineral second in hardness only to diamond, and rightfully, on a par with diamond, emerald and pearl, firmly holding a leading position in the world of jewelry.

Sapphire can only be blue. Jewelers designate the word "sapphire" for all varieties of corundum, with the exception of red ruby. Sapphire can be white, yellow, green, pink, black. To designate a pink-red with a yellowish tint of precious material mined in Ceylon, the word "padmaradshah" or "padmaradsha" (from the Sinhalese padmaragaya - the color of a lotus) is used.
In ancient times, colored varieties of corundum (now most often classified as sapphires) were called differently. For example, yellow stones were called "oriental topaz", yellowish-green - "oriental chrysolites", green - "oriental emeralds", bluish-green - "oriental aquamarines", purple - "oriental amethyst", pink - "oriental hyacinths".

Corundum is used only for the manufacture of jewelry. Completely wrong opinion. Opaque stones ground into powder and used as an abrasive are referred to in the trade as "corundum". In addition, the well-known "emery" is also powdered corundum mixed with magnetite and other heavy minerals. "Diamond spar" - crushed dull corundum from India - is used for grinding. In addition, bearings for moving parts in high-precision instruments and watches are made from corundum. But in this area, synthetic stones are most often used. And finally, since 1960, various industries (from medicine to space research) have been using a ruby ​​laser, whose beams can easily burn through sheet material, drill a hole in hard alloys, etc.

The color of corundum is uniform. Most often this is not the case. On closer examination, one can see that, for example, purple stones consists of alternating blue and red layers. Often there are yellow-blue spotted stones, and some asterii (star-shaped stones), due to the peculiarities of the crystal structure, cut in the form of cabochons, with appropriate lighting, give a bright light six-pointed star. The most common are blue (star sapphire) and red (star ruby) stones of this kind.

Sapphire is the blue variety of corundum. Indeed, most often the mentioned term is used in this sense. But sometimes it can be attached to other minerals. For example, blue tourmaline is sometimes called "Brazilian sapphire", and cordierite - "water sapphire" or "lynx sapphire".

Sapphires and rubies are not used to make large jewelry. It really is. Most often, the aforementioned stones are used as inserts in rings and earrings, since rubies and sapphires are quite expensive, and large sizes can't brag. But exceptions do exist.
Large sapphires are more common than rubies. For example, the Smithsonian Institution has the Black Star of Queensland star sapphire (733 carats). Two more large star sapphires can be seen in the New York Museum of Natural History: the "Star of India" (blue, 536 carats) and the "Midnight Star" (black, 116 carats). The busts of the presidents of America (A. Lincoln (2302 carats), George Washington (1997 carats) and D. Eisenhower (2097 carats)), installed in the Washington Museum, are made of sapphire crystals. The Diamond Fund of Russia holds a sapphire weighing 258.18 carats.
Large rubies, as mentioned above, are extremely rare, therefore they are usually very expensive. At the Burmese Museum in London given time there is an uncut Burmese ruby ​​(3450 carats), an even larger crystal (of low gem quality) 14 cm high and weighing 8500 carats is cut in the shape of a Liberty Bell. The most famous asterias (star-shaped rubies) of India are "Rajaratkhna" with a six-pointed star (2475 carats) and "Niilanjahi" with a twelve-pointed star (1370 carats).

The effect of fluorescence is characteristic only for natural rubies. Wrong opinion. A fluorescent doublet located in the red region of the visible spectrum, caused by both sunlight and ultraviolet rays, is observed in both natural and synthetic rubies.

Carbuncle is synonymous with ruby. In ancient times, "carbuncles" were most often called blood-red, with a fiery reflection, pyropes (a kind of pomegranate). However, the same term was used to refer to red spinel (which, like pyropes, was sometimes confused with ruby) and, in fact, rubies.

The darker the ruby ​​or sapphire, the more valuable it is. The colored gemstone should not be too light or too dark. The most expensive is the pigeon-blood ruby ​​and the cornflower-blue sapphire. The presence of a gray or brown tint can significantly reduce the price of a stone.

If the gem has no visible inclusions, then it is artificial. Indeed, most of the gems have minor inclusions of other minerals inside (the number of such inclusions determines the price of the stone). It is exceptionally rare to find ideal stones of absolute purity. The cost of such crystals is very high. In addition, it should be remembered that a good gemstone should not have inclusions visible to the naked eye.

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Meaning of the word yahont

yahont in the crossword dictionary

yacht

Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Vladimir Dal

yacht

m. lal, ruby. Yakhont is worm-like, red, actually a ruby. Yakhont blue, blue, sapphire. The following are not yachts at all: cherry yacht, amethyst; yellow yahonta, hyacinth. Yakhont necklace.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

yacht

yahonta, m. (Greek hyakinthos). The ancient name for ruby ​​and sapphire. And the brushes (grapes) are juicy, like yachts are burning. Krylov. They sigh about love only furtively, and their eyes, like yachts, burn. Yesenin.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

yacht

Ah, m. The old name for ruby, sapphire, and some other precious stones. Eyes, like yachts, burn. 1 app. yahonty, th, th. YACHT... and YACHT-... The first part of compound words with zshn. pertaining to yachting, sailing, e.g. yacht-kyub, yacht club-vets.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

yacht

m. The ancient name of ruby, sapphire and some other precious stones.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

yacht

the old Russian name for some precious stones, more often ruby, less often sapphire, etc.

Yakhont (disambiguation)

Yakhont Can mean:

• Yakhont is an outdated name for a precious mineral.
• Yakhont - export version of the Onyx universal medium-range anti-ship missile
• Yakhont is the basic minesweeper of project 1265.
• Yakhont, Oleg Vasilyevich (b. 1941) - art historian, candidate of art history (1992), highly qualified artist-restorer, author of a number of books and numerous articles on the history, theory and practice of restoration, attribution, art history; Professor of the Center for Restoration and Expertise of the Russian State Humanitarian University, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Arts; Honored Art Worker of the Russian Federation.
• Yakhont is a musical group from Krasnoyarsk founded in 1992.

Examples of the use of the word yahont in the literature.

And he remembered and remembered to the grave of his days a conversation with her in the treasury of Velyaminovskaya, when the young wife of Lala and yachts, emeralds and balas, chains, goblets, bowls and dishes, gold-silver splendor, precious fabrics, flyers and fencing, bundles of expensive sable, carved, fish tooth, staves and caskets.

And on the handle of that princely Nastasya spoon there was a filigree pattern and stones yachts admired in a frame of twisted silver, decorating a spoon shank with pearl forging on it.

Give me that harness with turquoise, With pearl bows, and to it yachts sazhen!

The knight rode, glancing at Khozyberday, counting the bags on his and his saddle, feeling the stones sewn into the cuffs, yachts, Persian turquoise, large pearls.

Otrepiev cooked oatmeal over a fire in a pot, and the knight Koss, silent about parchment, about yachts in furs and about gold in purses, told in detail how he went on the decree of the great sovereign Fyodor Borisovich against a thief, how the Tatar Hozyayberdey robbed him near the river and how much he suffered, Koss from Dalen, during these days, fighting for the truth and even the strait blood.

At the royal doors on the iconostasis, in golden robes, adorned with pearls and yachts, the Most Holy Theotokos of Kvatahevskaya rested, surrounded by a magnificent retinue in silver salaries.

Swaying from the wine he had drunk, he himself stood on crooked legs, running his palms, scooped handfuls of scat pearls, poured lala and yachts, admiring their luminous colors.

Mr. Gysin with a bow handed Dattam the papers and once again looked at the stranger: he behaved very haughtily and was dressed much better than Gysin himself, and the sword on his belt, with yacht in the hilt, and a blue cloak embroidered all over with silver were, of course, Dattam's personal gifts.

Now she was still freely open to the world and the sky, embroidered on a dark blue, almost black canvas with azure yachts stars.

And where are those Kamki and Aksamites, where is gold and silver, where are lalas and yachts valuable, where are the turquoise and jasper, where are the precious shemshirs, where are the cloth and canvases, and taffeta?

From there we have curtains, gold and silver, pearls, rubies and yachts, barrels with rare wine even for Tsargrad residents.

White tsags, decorated yachts, a white hat with a burning yacht star, an ancient sword with a golden handle and a precious diamond on the little finger completed the exquisite outfit.

However, two of our important agents in the United States - a former general of the tsarist army Yakhontov, married to the sister of the wife of the Commissar of State Security of the USSR Merkulov, who emigrated to the United States after the Civil War, and Sergei Kurnakov, a veteran of the GPU emigration operations in the United States, could not attract Kistyakovsky.

The main and therefore the median secular value of the sacristy, along with the fragrant chips of the cross of the Apostle Andrew the First-Called and other spiritual shrines, which, as Bogdan knew, were of no interest from the point of view of material gain, was the precious one left to the sacristy for eternal storage by the holy and faithful Prince Alexander Nevsky, strewn yachts and lalam, in a silver setting Great Yasa Chingizova.

Each of us in childhood read Russian folk tales. And since then, somewhere deep in our souls, unusual and even “magic” names of stones have remained. Folklore, ancient Russian literature, dialects and famous classics have left in our memory ancient yachts, emeralds, golden sparks ...

Now we will tell you an old jewelry story.

majestic diamond

The most durable and bewitching stone, shrouded in the mystery of its origin, was a diamond. Transparent crystals were found near water bodies, washed out together with gold, found in the mountains... But these were just random finds. Whoever tried to find it ended in disappointment. It was only towards the end of the 19th century that it became clear that the diamond was not formed in rivers, but deep underground.

Today we know it as one of the most expensive and sought after gemstones - diamond.

Azure and scarlet yachts

From ancient times, yachts in Russia were considered the most beautiful stones. These gems are also loved by many poets and writers.

About love sigh only furtively,

Yes, eyes, like yachts, burn.

(S.A. Yesenin)

How did they win the hearts of our ancestors?

It turns out that the now known sapphires were called azure yahonts, and rubies and garnets were called scarlet yahonts. It is not surprising that their rich color and bright brilliance captivated nobles, skilled jewelers and ordinary people.

“You always wear this ring with an emerald, beloved, because the emerald is the favorite stone of Solomon, the king of Israel. He is green, clean, cheerful and gentle, like spring grass, and when you look at him for a long time, your heart brightens; if you look at him in the morning, then the whole day will be easy for you. (A.I. Kuprin "Shulamith")

Another ancient name for the gemstone is smaragd. This green and transparent crystal has been known for a long time. And now it is known as an emerald.

A long time ago from the southern lands appeared in Russia and outlandish sea ​​stones. The name of Burmitz grain has its roots in the ancient city on the coast of the Persian Gulf. It was there that they once began to extract pearls and send them to Russian lands.

In addition to pearls, a bright red stone was also brought from the sea coast. And as it is not difficult to guess, coral was called coral in the old days.

Multi-colored strugants

Strugans used to be called semi gems, which could be easily shaped, that is, “cut off”. Strugants are all varieties of quartz. They included: - dumpling, rock crystal - flint savage, onyx - nogat, agate - babogur, and also - golden sparks.

Now we are used to seeing the modern names of jewelry minerals, but in times Ancient Russia the ancient names of jewels aroused no less delight in people. Agree, there is something incredibly melodic and complete in this. deepest meaning. Zlatoiskr - sparkling gold ...

Sky colored stones

Intense hues of clear skies and sea ​​water fascinated, just like kalaig (aka firuze) and tumpaz. The mysterious name kalaig (or firuze) arose in Turkish, and now we call this stone turquoise.

Tumpaz, as you might guess, the ancient Slavs called sky blue.

“On the sea, on the ocean, on the island of Buyan, lies the white-combustible stone Alatyr, the father of all stones.”

In ancient times, the Alatyr stone was endowed with special properties and treated with great reverence. Previously, people believed that this stone works miracles, is able to heal diseases and even ward off death. They believed that it was a divine stone. They found Alatyr, as a rule, on the coast of the Baltic Sea, and therefore they named it in tune with the Baltic dialects. Apparently, due to its specific properties, the name of the solar mineral has something in common with the word "altar". Be that as it may, now we know this stone as a noble jewelry insert and call it.

Jewelery has such a huge heritage that no one can exhaust its possibilities. Time passes, but values ​​remain. The names change, but the beauty remains the same. So the old names of stones come to life in new rethinking, giving birth to new meanings and inspiring designers to create truly fabulous jewelry.

Sometimes in the literature - both artistic and special - you can find the old names of certain natural stones. But it is not always possible to immediately understand what kind of gem is in question. Does the name "turkiz" mean anything to you? Can you tell what color the "king" is? What are the habits of the "Siberian gopher"? Do you know where the "flint savage" lives? Are dumplings and mountain fat tasty?

Augustite- so in ancient times they called high-quality deep blue aquamarine.
Agates- now we call this stone a little differently - agate.
Adamant- bore this name diamond in ancient times.
Azurite - blue stone, its other names were: copper blue, mountain blue, copper azure.
Alatyr or latyr - in ancient times it was called amber.
Almas- diamond. Processing a diamond so that it has a play in the facets, that is, cutting, was learned relatively recently, this, probably, explains the fact that in ancient times a diamond was not considered precious stone: he was not highly valued, they were not particularly traded. In the then Wikipedia, or rather, in the trading book for Russian merchants of 1575 and 1610, the price of this stone is not indicated at all, it did not even deserve a mention in the chapter "0 all kinds of expensive stones." In the old days, the diamond was not known in our country, and the first specimens were brought from India. In Western Europe, interest in diamonds appeared somewhat earlier. India usually used natural crystals, which retained the shape of an octahedron, in this form for the first time diamonds came to our country. They just polished a little. The French were the first to learn how to cut diamonds, or rather Louis Berken: he first introduced a cut diamond in Paris in 1454, that is, a diamond. In Russia, diamonds first appeared around 1500. in their appearance, at first they were flat "roses", and after fifty, or even a hundred years, real diamonds appeared - diamonds with a brilliant facet.
Almandine called in the old days carbuncle and anthrax; during the Middle Ages it was known as carfunkeliptein, well, today it is called, or Venice. Name venisa has been known in our country since the 16th century.
Antavent- this stone is mentioned in epics, but it was not possible to identify it.
Asp- marble and black slate. There is an expression: "work asp", that is, made under marble (for example, marbled paper).

Babogur - agate.
cormorant- such a name was in Russia ruby spar, eagle, which today is more commonly referred to as rhodonite. Bubble diamonds in ancient times, diamonds with a dirty tint were called.
Balangus- this was the ancient Russian naming ruby.
Balas ruby- natural red stone spinel.
baus, or bogus- ornamental or semi-precious stones of blue and light blue: kyanite, cordierite, indicolite, sapphirine and others. There is an assumption that this name - "baus" - is associated with the name of Jeremiah Baus, a well-known dealer in jewelry, including natural stones, who was also an envoy of Elizabeth, Queen of England, in Moscow under Ivan the Terrible.
Belir- probably means beryl.
becheta, or bicheta- from the eastern word "bajadi"; the old Russian name for low-value red stones. In the Russian trading book of the XVI century. it was said: "Running means towards the light: it is like bubbles in it." Most often it meant (almandine).

dumpling- the ancient Russian name for reddish. In the trading book of the XVI century. it is said about him: "And the dumpling of the nobility: although it is red, sometimes the whole place shines white, like any crystal, and which weighs four golden spools, and if only they are as big as yachts, and the color is the same paint as lala, buy 2 stones at 100 rubles and more, and buy one, like a yacht, for the same sample at 50 rubles.
Verillos- Belir, beryl. The "Tales of the Russian people" says: "Verillos is a very precious stone."

Mountain fat- mineral talc, very soft, cloudy white (sometimes slightly transparent).

Diamond- the same as adamant, i.e diamond.

jade- until the middle of the 19th century it was called nephritis and jade.
Pearl- Burmic (Burmit) grain- an old Russian name, originating from the corrupted word "Urmite", or, rather, "Ormus" grain, i.e. grain from the city of Ormus, lying on the Persian Gulf, where in ancient times pearls were caught and sold. There is speculation that the title Burmese grain came from the corrupted word "Gurmysh" (Gurmysh, i.e. Apskoe, sea): "even though there is a Gurmysh sea, pearls will be born in it." Undoubtedly the title kafimsky originated from the city of Kafa, present-day Feodosia, where, in all likelihood, even the Genoese and Greeks caught and sold pearls.

Zaberzat, or zebarzhdat; according to some researchers - Indian chrysoberyl dense yellow-green color with a play and overflow of rays, which was very rare; in the East it was valued almost as much as a diamond; another suggestion: the word "zaberza" came from an Armenian root and meant aquamarine(beryl).
Zlotoiskar- aventurine with mica inclusions spawning in it.

Iakinf- that was the old name natural stone hyacinth, which, as was then believed, had the property of extinguishing a fire.
Ionia- old name for reddish topaz.
sparkler- mineral aventurine.

Kalaig- the ancient Russian name for the stone turquoise.

Cape Ruby - .

carfunculos- "the stone is taco, zelo drag, and the master of all stones looks like coal, shines at night, this stone is a nest for the topaz stone." This is . It is also called anphrax, carbuncle. Carbuncles (Latin - coals) was also called the strongest variety of a rather fragile pomegranate - almandine. Indeed, in the field, the garnet looks like a smoldering ember.

Wren- old Russian name coral, carved in the form of balls and other more or less spherical shapes. Boris Godunov's fur coat had 15 beadlets on the collar and in the gaps in the furrow, and 16 beadlets on silver backs (the role of headpieces) with pearl fasteners.
Flint Savage - rhinestone.
Bloodstone- mineral hematite, a type of iron ore. Leaves a red mark on unglazed porcelain.

Blue tit- mineral lapis lazuli.
lal(diminutive lalik) - from the Arabic word l "al. In the East, all red gems are called lals; in our country, only red stones of the "second price" mean this name. It must be assumed that the word "lal" in the old days meant red Chinese spinel.

Neelum- ancient name kyanite, or cyanite(disten).
Nogat- onyx, variety chalcedony, we can say that this is a close "relative" Agatha.

Eagle stone- clayey brown ironstone of ellipsoidal or spherical shape with a void inside. The Greeks called such stones aeShev and assumed that they are especially liked by the eagles, who carry them into their nests.

Pandaura- under this name in the work of N. Razumovsky the Brazilian language is described quartz containing carmine-red titanium oxide in its cracks, i.e. needles rutile. Razumovsky distinguishes two types of such stones: some are prepared artificially (in India and China) by rapidly cooling red-hot rock crystal in some red-colored solutions; others are natural, found ready-made in nature.
Perelyavt- overflow, from the Greek root for "very white".
Pink- ancient name topaz red-orange color.
Plasma- ancient name heliotrope or chrysoprase, varieties of chalcedony.

iris- labradorite, rock high hardness from dark gray to black with an iridescent sheen ("eyes").

ruby-bale - spinel. Red stone.

Grease, resin, struganets- so called smoky quartz. Later, in the 18th century, it was called talyashnik because of the Italians who worked in the Urals.
Emerald- precious green transparent.
Struganets, or strict, - the old term of the miners of the Urals, as if planed crystal.
Siberian gopher, or dark crystal flux- this was the ancient name of the stone smoky quartz.