Patriotic education of students in history lessons. Patriotic and civic education in the lessons of the humanitarian cycle
Education of patriotism in history lessons.
(from work experience)
Patriotism does not mean only
one love for their homeland. This
much more ... This is consciousness
their inalienability from their homeland and
an inherent experience with her
her happy and unhappy days.
Tolstoy A.N.
Today, in the age of new technology, new technologies, we can observe a decline in the general level of the culture of our society. The mercantile, material needs of a person come to the fore, the desire to live in abundance, without thinking about what means this well-being was achieved. In society, moral values are lost, a deficit of spirituality arises.
The history of our Motherland testifies to the fact that at all times one of the connecting factors helping to overcome difficulties and hardships, aimed at uniting the people, was patriotism.
Patriotism is love for the motherland, the Fatherland, devotion to him, the desire to serve his interests with his actions.
The problem of patriotic education and civil formation of the younger generation is today one of the urgent tasks of the state, society and educational institutions of our country.
The patriotic education of schoolchildren is a systematic and purposeful activity to form students' high patriotic consciousness, a sense of loyalty to their Fatherland, readiness to fulfill their civic duty and constitutional obligations to protect the interests of the Motherland.
The goal of patriotic education is the development of a high social activity of civic responsibility, spirituality in the individual, the formation of a personality with positive values and qualities, capable of manifesting them in the creative process, in the interests of the Fatherland.
My subject - the History of the Fatherland - opens up wide opportunities for the formation of a student's personality, the formation of his civic position. History is a mighty and eternally living force that creates a patriot, a citizen.
And in this difficult time, a time of changes, my task - the task of a history teacher - is to preserve in the souls of children respect for the history of their country, family and native land; to educate patriotic feelings, civic qualities of the individual. History lessons are designed to contribute to the education of citizenship, patriotism of students. Learning the idea of the Motherland, experiencing a feeling of love for it, enthusiasm, experiencing anxiety about its present and future, the student asserts his dignity, strives to be like the heroes of the Motherland. An excellent example of patriotism for children in history lessons is the exploits of the heroes of the Fatherland, the heroic struggle of the people against foreign invaders, the achievements of scientists, talents - compatriots.
Virtually no history lesson takes place without the study of worthy personalities. Revealing the exploits of the heroes, it is important that the students are led to the realization of why our distant ancestors and recent predecessors sacrificed their fortune, love, life itself in the name of the interests of the Fatherland.
In the sixth grade, while studying the topic "The Battle of Kulikovo", the whole lesson is permeated with a sense of deep devotion to his Motherland, to the cause of serving the Fatherland. In this lesson, I draw attention to a real patriot of my Motherland - Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, for the victory in the Battle of Kulikovo, nicknamed Donskoy. The lesson is interesting and exciting in the form of a historical reconstruction. Children are given the task in advance - to make rectangles of two colors (for the battle scheme) - they work in groups.
During the lesson, we line up the regiments of the Grand Duke and his adversary:
“Pay attention to what cunning the Grand Duke has prepared! (Show to ambush regiment)
Prince Dmitry acted wisely by arranging the shelves. And what is the wisdom? Right hand regiment, look at what you have on the right (rivers in the diagram). And the regiment of the left hand? (Also rivers).
Indeed, the Kulikovo field was surrounded on all sides by natural barriers, which protected the Russians from flanking).
How the battle itself took place, we learn from "The Legend of the Mamayev Massacre" (I distribute cards with the text). Prince Dmitry of Moscow after the victory received the glorious nickname Donskoy. The feat of the soldiers on the Kulikovo field has always inspired the Russians, raised them to the Defense of the Russian Land ”. The advantage of this form of lesson is that the children get the opportunity to participate in a great battle and victory, experience a sense of pride in their people, a great commander.
In the seventh grade we study the topic of "Troubles". The educational goal of the lesson is to introduce students to the outstanding patriots of Russia on the example of K. Minin, D. Pozharsky, I. Susanin.
An important component of this lesson is its emotional component, which encourages sympathy, assessment and analysis, and realizing the origins of Russian patriotism. This is facilitated by the use of such methods as discussion, work with sources in which patriotic ideas are highlighted, the inclusion of excerpts from the opera "Ivan Susanin" by M. Glinka in the lesson, and an appeal to the tragedy of Alexander Pushkin "Boris Godunov". When studying this topic, it is important to help the children realize deeper that in such difficult years the people face a choice - to unite on the basis of love for their homeland and start saving their Fatherland or lose independence. To study this topic, I invite students to work on presentations on the topic: "Heroes of Russian history - Minin and Pozharsky", "For freedom! For the Fatherland! "," Day national unity and consent "; depict in pictures the events of this time.
At the lesson in the tenth grade during the study of the topic "The struggle of Russia with foreign invaders. The Role of Alexander Nevsky ”I read to the students a poem by A.N. Maikova "In Gorodets in 1263". There is silence in the classroom, music plays softly, creating a certain mood of the students to perceive the poem.
Night outside and frost.
A month - two iridescent light crowns around it ...
There is a celebration going on across the sky:
In the hegumen's cell there is a spectacle of sorrow and tears ...
Quietly the lamp burns before the image of the Savior;
Quietly the abbot stands before him in prayer;
The boyars stand quietly in the corners;
Quiet and motionless lies, head to the images
Prince Alexander, covered with black schema ...
Everyone is waiting for the terrible hour: there is no hope, no!
One can hear in the cell sometimes only ailing delirium.
Quietly the lamp is burning before the image of the Savior ...
The prince gazes motionlessly into the darkness, into infinity ...
As if a light shone over his head -
A wonderful face lit up with beauty,
The abbot quietly approached him and with a trembling hand
I felt his heart and forehead -
And, bursting into sobs, he exclaimed: "Our sun has gone down!"
Question to the class - what do the words “Our sun has gone down?” Mean;
"What is the greatness of Alexander Nevsky, his role and place in the history of Russia?"
The lines of the poem make students empathize with all of Russia at this moment, cause anxiety about its future fate.
Military events in the history of our state, the military leadership of the heroes of major battles and battles, the courage of the entire Russian people are a powerful basis for the education of patriotism.
In the lesson "The Patriotic War of 1812", the images of Kutuzov, Bagration, Denis Davydov, Vasilisa Kozhina contribute to the education of love for the Motherland. There is a very fertile ground for independent work of students: studying documents, additional literature, preparing presentations - all this helps to conduct a lesson in the form of research. I propose to draw up a historical description of this or that commander, where students need to find positive and negative character traits, to express their attitude towards this person.
The Great Patriotic War is a special page in the history of our state.
Victory Price.
Great-grandfathers and grandfathers fought for us,
And as a reward, pain and orders
They are always dying innocently,
Whispered our names.
Victory Price - Souls on Crucifixes
And the faces of wives, washed in tears,
A detachment of soldiers in shabby caps
They went on the attack, with hope in their eyes,
After all, eighteen is eighteen
But death is elusive to all,
Fathers and brothers gone forever -
Every person must be buried ...
Victory Price - Proud Russia
I did not salute to anyone,
The price of Victory - disabled people of the world
The price of Victory is what it is,
After all, after many years in the eyes of loved ones,
Will show the light in motion pictures
And the reflection of the glow, the ripple of smoke
In concentration camps - brutal violence,
Those who were in captivity are no longer there!
Do you know what the Price of Victory is?
And how many souls did the war take away?
And what do we pay our veterans with?
Only on the day of victory do we remember them ...
Think how they got to Berlin?
And bombs fell on them from above,
And how many of them are met on Victory Day?
After all, there are very few of them left ...
Those veterans, those gray-haired grandfathers,
Which gave us light into the future:
You take care of them with your heart and soul.
You take care of them as yourself.
The price of Victory - what is it?
This is Victory - and you cannot forget it!
With the poem "The Price of Victory" (by Mishina Yulia, my student), I start the theme in the ninth grade "The Great Patriotic War." I draw your attention to the fact that the Great Patriotic War became the hardest test for our people. The younger generation should know about the feat of the Soviet people during the war years, about the huge losses our Motherland suffered on the fields of fierce battles and in the territories occupied by the enemy, about the unparalleled resistance of partisans and underground fighters, about the selfless labor of women, adolescents and children who are in deep to the rear, for 1418 days and nights of war, they fought and worked for the future, ensuring their contribution to the Victory. Lessons on this topic are the research work of students, the work of children on projects: "War in the history of my family", "Awards of my grandfather", "Village of Puzachi in the history of war", "Fellow villagers - participants of the Kursk battle", "Workers of the home front", "Building railroad: Rzhava - Stary Oskol ". Students present their work in the form of presentations, essays, essays. The forms of conducting lessons on this topic are different: a lesson - a meeting with veterans, a lesson - watching a video with further discussion, a lesson - an extramural excursion, lessons - excursions to the school museum of military glory, a school local history museum, excursions to battle places - a memorial in Prokhorovka, a visit museum "Third military field", visiting the village of Puzachi, Manturovsky district.
Such lessons have a tremendous emotional impact on children, evoke a sense of pride in their loved ones - participants in the greatest events in history, make them proud of the feat of the Motherland, which saved the world from the threat of fascism
to the Motherland appears in a person with the emergence of a feeling of attachment to the places where he was born and raised and with which he has vivid emotional experiences.
In my work at the lesson on patriotic education, I also use the enormous potential that the history of my native land, the village carries: knowledge about my small homeland contributes to the formation of love for it, a respectful attitude towards everything that has inherited from previous generations.
Patriotism is a very intimate feeling, deep in the subconscious. Patriotism is judged not by words, but by the deeds of each person. A patriot is not the one who calls himself that, but the one who will be honored as such by others, but above all by his compatriots.
KD Ushinsky wrote: “As there is no person without pride, so there is no person without love for the Fatherland, and this love gives education the right key to a person's heart”, and the teacher must “turn this key” correctly in order to raise a true patriot and a son Fatherland.
Message
on the topic: "Education of patriotism in the classroom and in extracurricular work."
Prepared by:
teacher of Russian language and literature
Polyakova T.B.
2010-2011 academic year
Introduction.
Federal Target Program asserts patriotism as important social value, as the basis for the spiritual and moral unity of society, strengthening its statehood. The program aims to develop among the citizens of Russia an active and interested attitude to national history, culture, statehood in the unity of nationally distinctive and common civilized principles. To solve the assigned tasks, the teacher has a lesson, extracurricular hours and extracurricular work at his disposal. "I do not see a subject," wrote MI Kalinin, "which would not give an opportunity to develop love for the Motherland, to bring up the best civic feelings in young people." Literature and the Russian language have great opportunities for this. The topic of my message is "Education of patriotism in the classroom and in extracurricular work."
Lesson as a means of instilling patriotism.
The teacher of literature and the Russian language is assigned the following tasks aimed at the patriotic education of students:
To form love and devotion to the Motherland in children;
To develop in them love and respect for the people, national culture and traditions;
To foster love for the Russian language as a native language and as a language of interethnic communication;
To foster love and respect for their native nature, for their small homeland;
To form students' willingness to work for the good of the Motherland and to defend it;
To develop students' perseverance in overcoming learning difficulties as a step towards instilling patriotism in them.
Circle work as a means of instilling patriotism.
Correspondence tour of Russian theaters;
Acquaintance with outstanding Russian actors, including our fellow countryman actor Shchepkin.
Excursions (even if they are part-time) are of interest to students. During the excursion, there is
Enrichment of students' knowledge;
Establishing a connection between theory and practice, with life phenomena and processes;
Development of students' creative abilities, their independence, organization;
Fostering a positive attitude towards learning.
Local lore material as an element of patriotic education.
"Literature of the Kursk Territory", which was approved and reviewed by the methodologists of the Kursk Institute for Advanced Training of Teachers. Local material can be used as a vital analogy to the phenomena and persons shown in a work of art. Students have the opportunity to be convinced of the profound truthfulness of the works of Russian fiction.
An important aspect of using the materials of literary local lore is the acquaintance of students with the work of local authors. Students know and love the works of Kursk writers and poets.
Each student lays the foundations for the formation of a system of knowledge about the originality of his native land, which contributes to the formation of a person who is not indifferent to the fate of his small homeland. Our future is in our present and our past. The expressed thought is difficult to fit into the framework of just a literature lesson. I try to make sure that schoolchildren learn, when faced with the problems of modern society, with various socio-political issues, to apply the knowledge gained so that they acquire the skills of teamwork to achieve common goals, can critically examine various points of view and facts, assess the situation, accept decisions in controversial issues and defend them.
The role of interdisciplinary connections in the education of patriotism.
Among the skills formed in the literature lesson, the cognitive and evaluative nature are as follows: to identify the main problems, to determine the ideological and artistic role of the elements of the plot, composition, system of images, to reveal the author's attitude to the characters and events of the work, to justify their assessment of the read work. Such skills combine cognitive and value attitudes towards knowledge. This is facilitated by interdisciplinary connections, which qualitatively raise the level of knowledge and development of students.
For example, knowledge of history is used to assess the peculiarities of the worldview and creativity of writers. In literature lessons, I try to activate the process of students' cognition of historical facts and patterns. So, when studying the creativity of N.A. Nekrasov, 10th grade students meet with images that recreate the appearance of a revolutionary of the 60-70s of the nineteenth century. Nekrasov's poems contain both direct artistic portraits of Belinsky, Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky, and an image generalizing the type of revolutionary - Grisha Dobrosklonov in the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia".
Studying the creativity of A.S. Pushkin, students remember history, talk about the Pugachev uprising, about the war of 1812 and the Decembrists, since the motives of these events occupy a significant place in the poet's work. Fiction itself is an inexhaustible source of historical knowledge.
Among the methodological techniques used to form the cognitive and evaluative skills of students with the help of intersubject connections, it is advisable to use the preliminary repetition of basic historical facts in literature lessons, the preparation of reports by students requiring the expression of value judgments, the manifestation of their own moral and aesthetic position.
I try to optimize the teaching process so that in my lessons there is a natural connection between all types and cycles of students' activities. Psychological and physiological laws and patterns in the mechanisms of memory, attention, thinking and activity of schoolchildren should not be violated. Otherwise, it will not be possible to achieve positive final results, this will be hindered by the increased fatigue and morbidity of students, significant and ineffective time spending.
Education of patriotism in the lessons of the Russian language.
Work on the formation of patriotism is carried out in each class, but the amount of work is different and depends on the general training of students, the specifics of the program material in the Russian language and interdisciplinary connections of the Russian language with other school subjects. So, if in the first lesson in grade 5 we talk about language as the most important means of communication, about how the language appeared, what conditions contributed to this, then in grade 9 this is a conversation about the reasons for the inclusion of the Russian language in the world languages - political, scientific, cultural and historical, linguistic.
The education of citizenship and patriotism is manifested through love for one's country, devotion to it, in a conscious desire and readiness to stand up for the Fatherland following the example of their ancestors. A good help in this is the correct selection didactic material... In the process of conducting educational dictations, presentations, you can invite students to determine the main idea of the text, focus on those thoughts, feelings that form patriotism and civic consciousness, for example: How did the courage of the Russian people, their loyalty to the Fatherland manifest themselves? What helped the heroes to defeat the enemy? Could you do the same?
Of great educational value are proverbs that can be used in the study of various topics during the entire teaching of the Russian language: “Dash between subject and predicate” (8th grade) - Mother's side - mother, stranger - stepmother; Homeland is a mother, know how to stand up for her; “Full and short adjectives” (5th grade) - Own land and sweet in sorrow; Foolish is the bird that does not like its nest; “Degrees of comparison of adjectives” (6th grade) - Homeland is more beautiful than the sun, more expensive than gold; Love for the Motherland is stronger than death, etc.
Love for one's homeland is also manifested in the skillful handling of the Russian language: in the observance of the norms of oral and written speech, as well as in the general culture, one of the aspects of which is the speech culture of the individual - the observance of ethical and communicative norms. The cultivation of communication culture skills are assigned special exercises, placed in all sections of the Russian language textbook: How can different people turn to your parents (acquaintances, neighbors)? Make sentences with different messages; Make motivating sentences with the words “Be kind”, “Be kind” (5 cl.); Write off, eliminating unnecessary repetition of the highlighted word; Indicate mistakes in the use of pronouns (6th grade); In what sentences is there a mistake in the use of gerunds; Find mistakes in the use of prepositions and cases of nouns (grade 7), etc.
Love for the native nature is one of the manifestations of love for the Motherland, and his upbringing largely depends on the teacher of the Russian language, because it is he who acquaints children with the poetic image of the Motherland. Raising a love for nature in children, we turn to writers and poets who have created unforgettable pictures of their native forests and fields, seas and mountains. In the exercises of textbooks, there are many texts - descriptions of the nature of the classics of Russian literature, systematic work with such samples allows you to move on to compiling your own compositions “Favorite corner of nature”, “My city”, “Street of my childhood”, etc.
Working with dictionaries is of great educational value. Students can complete a variety of tasks, for example: Read the glossary entries on the word “patriot, patriotism” in the “School Explanatory Dictionary” and “Dictionary of Foreign Words”. How does the material of dictionary entries differ? Write a discussion on “What it means to be a patriot”. Read the dictionary entries on the words homeland, hero, heroism, courage, valor, courage in the dictionary. What do these words have in common?
It is necessary to preserve and develop the language, improve and elevate it as a means of communication, an instrument of thought. Then the level of culture will rise, and the wealth of good relations between people will accumulate, the moral foundations of life will be strengthened.
Systematic work on the patriotic education of schoolchildren will certainly give positive results, because the young generation will not be brought up on denying the culture of their country and ridiculing the history of their state, but will learn to find the correct guidelines, form a system of attitudes towards certain events.
Education of patriotism in literature lessons.
Oral creativity of any nation contains the richest material for education in the spirit of friendship, mutual understanding, diligence, patriotism. This purpose is served by proverbs, sayings, riddles, songs, epics. We see the reflection of popular ideals - patriotism, heroic strength, intelligence, resourcefulness - in ancient Russian literature, in the chronicle of The Tale of Bygone Years, which has been studied for three years. In the 8th grade, studying "The Life of Alexander Nevsky", students talk about the abusive exploits of Alexander Nevsky and his spiritual feat of self-sacrifice, about the protection of Russian lands from invasions and raids of enemies. An ardent call for the unity of Russia in the face of external danger, a call for the protection of the peaceful, creative labor of the Russian population - this is the main conclusion that ninth-graders come to when studying The Lay of Igor's Host.
In the middle link, episodes of Russian military history represent a huge amount of material for patriotic education and education of students. So, studying the heroic pages of the history of our country in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "Borodino" (grade 5), students reveal the thoughts and feelings of ordinary soldiers who defended their homeland from the enemy, Lermontov's thoughts and feelings, his reflections on the meaning of the Battle of Borodino and the role of the common people, on the Russian national character, on what real people, at what price the glory of the motherland is obtained and many others. etc. In these lessons there is a conversation about the war of 1812 and the significance of the Battle of Borodino, a story about Lermontov not only as a poet, but also a participant in the battles in the Caucasus. An expressive reading of the poem performed by the teacher will help students to understand the general pathos of the poem - patriotism and nationality, manifested in sublimely pathetic and colloquial styles. The main thing in the analysis of the poem is the answer to the question: “Why do the feelings of the participants in the distant events of 1812 continue to excite us now? Why, during the Great Patriotic War, the defenders of Moscow often uttered the words of Lermontov: “Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? " The analysis of the text will be well complemented by reproductions of paintings by F. Roubaud "Panorama of the Battle of Borodino", "Kutuzov under Borodin" by S.V. Gerasimov, as well as oral creation of the film script.
High patriotic feeling, the national patriotic enthusiasm is conveyed by the fable of I.A. Krylova "The wolf in the kennel." It is based on a concrete historical fact - Napoleon's attempt to enter into negotiations with Kutuzov on the conclusion of peace. As a result of the analysis, the fifth-graders determine the moral of the fable - any invader who encroached on foreign land, looking for easy prey, will face the fate of the Wolf: “With wolves there is no other way to do the world than by skinning them down.” And then he released a pack of hounds on the Wolf. ” Together with the Hunter, a wise, experienced person, Krylov affirms the necessity and justice of a harsh struggle against any insidious and cunning enemy.
When studying the novel "Dubrovsky", sixth-graders should see in A.S. Pushkin a writer who protested against the oppression of the autocracy, reflecting on the fate of his native people and their role in the past and future of their homeland. In the classroom, when analyzing the text, you can use the comparative characteristics of Troekurov and Dubrovsky, a conversation, a message according to a previously drawn up plan, an oral story based on one of the illustrations, a presentation with elements of an essay.
The story of N.V. Gogol's "Taras Bulba" (grade 7) is a glorification of military comradeship, a condemnation of betrayal. Pupils celebrate the heroism and dedication of Taras and his fellow Cossacks in the struggle for their native land, the patriotic pathos of the story. The feat of Taras, his son Ostap, evokes a sense of sincere admiration among students and gives concrete ideas about such features of patriotism as selfless devotion to the Motherland, courage and courage in upholding its honor and independence.
The relationship of Russian literature with history is especially evident in the course of studying literature in the 8th grade. In this case, great opportunities belong to the use of the problematic method of studying literature. The problematic approach is organized on the basis of interaction, dialogue, during which students learn to think critically, solve complex problems based on the analysis of circumstances and relevant information, weigh alternative opinions, make decisions, participate in discussions, communicate with other people. This method leads to the fact that the guys are interestedly involved in the search for answers, mastering communication skills that will allow them in the future to reasonably defend their point of view and agree with the convincing arguments of others. This approach stimulates the active activity of students in the course of the educational lesson, makes them make an informed choice in determining their civic position.
A special place in literature lessons is occupied by work with historical documents (the novel by AS Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"). Students learn to compare, contrast, analyze, for example, the comparison of the leader of the uprising in different works: the image of Pugachev in folklore, in the works of A.S. Pushkin, S.A. Yesenin (“Pugachev”). This work allows the children, firstly, to independently acquire knowledge, on the basis of which they form certain beliefs, and secondly, to form a system of values through the assessment of events. All this leads to the emergence of positive civic personality traits in the child. In addition, students begin to understand how important their opinion is, and how much can depend on it, they learn to look for a way out of any difficult situation.
The fate of the homeland and the fate of a person are fused together in the story of M.A. Sholokhov's "The Fate of a Man" (9th grade). Fortitude, camaraderie, devotion to the fatherland - these qualities have long been inherent in the Russian soldier. On the example of Andrei Sokolov, we see other features of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War - invincible moral strength, exceptional courage. The leitmotif of the work is the words of the protagonist: “For that you are a man, for that you are a soldier, in order to endure everything, to demolish everything, if the need calls for it”. Reading and analyzing the story can end with watching a film, which once again gives students the opportunity to feel the extraordinary character of a Russian person. When analyzing the text, students receive tasks to find facts of manifestation of courage and heroism of Russian people in additional literature; analyzing certain actions of our fellow citizens, students answer the questions: “What prompted a person to commit such an act?”, “How would you act in his place?”. These questions give rise to a sense of the child's involvement in the events of the distant past, attract the student's subjective experience, which makes such a lesson personally oriented. In the lesson, you can draw a parallel between this story and the works of A. Tolstoy "Russian character", E. Hemiguey "Streak and the sea", NV Gogol "Taras Bulba".
Heroism, patriotism, dedication, difficulties and joys of the formidable years of war are reflected in poetic works about the war, which are studied in the sections “For the sake of life on Earth” (5th grade), “Works about the Great Patriotic War” (6th grade), “ On the roads of war ... ”(7th grade),“ Poems and songs about the Great Patriotic War ”(8th grade). They contain poems by K.M. Simonova, A.T. Tvardovsky, N.I. Rylenkova, S.S. Orlova, D.I. Samoilova and others, telling about the everyday life of a soldier, awakening a feeling of love for the homeland, responsibility for it during the years of cruel trials. The lyrical and heroic songs expressed the innermost feelings and experiences of every soldier-warrior.
Schoolchildren are especially fond of the theme of their native nature, its beauty and uniqueness. We find examples of the description of Russian nature not only on the pages of N.A. Nekrasov (“On the Volga”), I.A. Bunin (“Mowers”), V.P. Astafieva (“Vasyutkino Lake”), M.M. Prishvin (“The Pantry of the Sun”), etc., but also in special sections, which include works by A.A. Blok, S.A. Yesenin, N.M. Rubtsova, A.A. Feta, F.I. Tyutcheva and others. Prepared expressive reading, subsequent analysis and meaningful reading by heart of poems about the Motherland, native nature give students the opportunity to feel the emotional mood of the poet through the description of pictures of nature and convey their perception and attitude to the world around them, develop imagination, the ability to see and hear nature, the desire to comprehend the secrets of color, lighting, sound, form.
To know, understand and feel a person, an event is always easier through art. The formation of patriotic personality traits is facilitated by performing creative tasks in the classroom: to draw an illustration for a historical event, compose a crossword puzzle, voice the dialogue of historical figures, characterize a historical hero, oral drawing. The use of musical fragments, elements of theatricalization allows you to create a special emotional mood of the lesson, which will largely determine its success.
Conclusion
MCOU Aleshkovskaya sosh.
Patriotic education of schoolchildren in history lessons.
Teacher of history
Dantsev V.V.
2013
The goal of the modern school is to educate a person capable of creatively participating in the transformation of society, to be ready to fulfill constitutional obligations to protect the interests of their homeland.
The crisis in the spiritual life of our country has affected the consciousness of young people - the status of the highest human values has decreased. Concepts such as honor, conscience, readiness for self-sacrifice, patriotism, love for their Fatherland are nothing more than empty words for the younger generation. Against the background of a deep educational crisis in our country, the loss of our society of the traditionally Russian patriotic consciousness is more and more noticeable; the need to revive patriotic education has been talked about at the state level. The government Russian Federation approved the program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2011-2015."
Patriotic education presupposes the formation of a harmonious combination of personal and public interests among citizens, the overcoming of processes and phenomena alien to society and destroying its foundations. The main tasks of patriotic education are:
1. Formation in the younger generation of love for their "small homeland", readiness to serve the Fatherland and its armed defense;
2. Fostering a sense of patriotism on the example of the history of military valor and soldier glory.
3. Studying the history and culture of the Fatherland and native land, carrying out activities to perpetuate the memory of the defenders of the Fatherland.
4. Granting to citizens a sense of pride, deep respect and reverence for the symbols of the Russian Federation - the Coat of Arms, the Flag, the Anthem, other Russian symbols and historical relics of the Fatherland.
5. Formation of racial, national religious tolerance, development of friendly relations between peoples.
6. Education of citizens in the spirit of respect for the Constitution of the Russian Federation, legality, norms of public life.
Patriotism is the personification of love for the Fatherland, involvement with its history, a component of the spiritual and moral foundation of the individual, civic position and the need for worthy, selfless service to the Motherland.
History lessons are designed to help students experience and comprehend all the positive things that happened in the past. Instilling universal human norms of morality, love for the Motherland, for everything human is the most important stage in the upbringing of a Citizen of Russia. This is achieved when the ideas of patriotism are revealed to the mind and heart of the student in vivid, emotional images, awaken in him feelings of empathy, gratitude to the courageous fighters for the triumph of truth and justice. At the same time, knowledge about the Motherland should cause not only pride in its achievements, but also anxiety, concern that things are not still as it should be. History is a powerful force that creates a patriot, a citizen.
Patriotic education in history lessons is the process of influencing students with the aim of their conscious perception of historical knowledge about the best traditions of the Russian people, heroic struggle, exploits, talents, moral qualities of the sons of the Fatherland, love for the coat of arms, flag, anthem of the country, intransigence towards the enemies of Russia.
Knowledge of history (the history of your family, your people, village, country) helps to determine the life social position. On the basis of knowledge about the past, a person's ability to navigate the events of today develops. The past rushes into the future. Past, present and future are one process. In the process of raising children, it is important to study the history of the village, city, region. According to DS Likhachev, local history is a reliable way to form a "moral settledness of the population", "a sense of the Motherland." What do we mean by the concept of Motherland, Fatherland?
The homeland is the territory where a person was born and raised, lives and is brought up. Conditionally distinguish between "big" and "small" homeland. Under the big homeland is meant the country where a person grew up, lives and which has become dear and close to him. Small Homeland is the place of birth and formation of a person as a person. A. Tvardovsky wrote on this occasion: “This small homeland with its special appearance, with its even modest and unassuming beauty appears to a person in childhood, at the time of memorable impressions of a childish soul for a lifetime, and with it, with this separate and sweet homeland , he comes over the years to the big Motherland. "
Russian people at all times with deep consciousness went to hardships, and even self-sacrifice in the name of freedom of the Fatherland, showed steadfastness and massive heroism in its defense. The feeling of patriotism is especially manifested in the defense of the Fatherland. The history of our Motherland knows many examples when the Russian soldier reliably defended the Motherland, demonstrating steadfastness, courage and military skill.
The peoples of Russia have always amicably and selflessly defended their united homeland. In the lesson, it is necessary to reveal the exploits of the heroes so that the students realize why our distant ancestors and recent predecessors sacrificed their lives in the name of the interests of the Fatherland. The peasant Ivan Susanin and the pilot Pyotr Nesterov, who committed the world's first air ramming of an enemy aircraft during the First World War, did not want to die. During the Great Patriotic War, about 650 Soviet pilots repeated his feat. The educational significance of the historical fact is evident. The well-known teacher VA Sukhomlinsky wrote to his student son about this: “Know that a real patriot of our Motherland can be killed, burned, buried alive in the ground, as the Nazis did, but cannot be conquered”.
Otherwise, how can one explain the feat of the defenders of the Brest Fortress, who were surrounded, without communications and ammunition, which caused damage to the invaders for about a month. "I'm dying, but not giving up!" - these inscriptions on the walls of the casemates speak of the unparalleled courage of the border guards, who were the first to meet the enemy. The war of 1941-1945 was not only the hardest test for the country, but also determined the self-consciousness of the people - the winner. From the point of view of patriotic education, the Great Patriotic War is the main event in the history of our country in the 20th century. These are great military victories, and national heroes, and the unity of the people, its role in history. Studying this topic in the classroom, I pay special attention, I acquaint students with the role of talented commanders who, at critical moments, showed restraint, perseverance and personal courage: G.K. Zhukov; K.K. Rokossovsky, etc. Studying the first period of the Great Patriotic War, which lasted from June 22, 1941 to November 18, 1942 (before the transition of Soviet troops to the counteroffensive near Stalingrad), I focus on the courage of the defenders of besieged Leningrad, when on May 1, 1942, Leningraders, exhausted from hunger, played a football match in spite of the Nazis and showed that our people are not broken. When defending Moscow, attention is necessarily drawn to the feat of the Panfilov heroes, as an example of love for the Motherland and readiness to defend it at the cost of their lives. For children interested in military history, it is proposed additional material: about weapons of the times of war, technology. This helps in preparing for the Unified State Exam and for subject Olympiads in history.
Among middle-level schoolchildren, the compilation of historical crosswords is of great interest, for weak children it is good way improve their academic performance and they do this work willingly and with great interest. In my lessons I try to develop the thinking and outlook of students, giving assignments on the history of my native land, for example: “What micro-districts of the city of Voronezh are named in honor of the Marshals Soviet Union? "... .. Surname - Zhukov is called immediately, but Konev and Budyonny cause difficulties.
At all times, the exploits of Russian soldiers were revered, glorified and exalted by the people. Military heroism has acquired a lasting strength moral tradition, has become the norm of conduct for the Russian army. Its basis and source are patriotism, love for the Motherland, loyalty to military duty.
Patriotic education is carried out by showing the heroic struggle, exploits, talents of Russian citizens - examples to follow. Thanks to the patriotism and heroism of the masses of the people, Russia was able to get out of the most difficult situations in the most difficult periods its history. History not only enlightens, teaches, but also educates. This is the collective memory of the people, addressed both to the past and to the future. The history of Russia is the history of the highest patriotism. After all, a citizen begins with the concept of "Motherland", "Fatherland" and with the values that are associated with them. Patriotism is truly the source of the spiritual strength of Russian citizens. This sacred feeling encourages each of them to increase the security of our Fatherland, manifestations of patriotism. It was formed over many centuries of struggle against perennial external enemies. Patriotism today has become a national idea capable of strengthening the country's economy and creating a powerful army.
"Patriotism is the spiritual basis of Russia's national security." The result of patriotic upbringing should be that the everyday meaning of the younger generation becomes an attitude filled with nobility and respect towards Russia.
INTRODUCTION
Patriotism is when you think that this country is better than everyone else because you were born here.
Bernard Show
The patriotic education of the younger generation has always been one of the most important tasks of the modern school, because childhood and adolescence is the most fertile time for instilling a sacred feeling of love for the Motherland. Patriotic education is understood as the gradual and steady formation of students' love for their homeland. Patriotism is one of the most important features of a comprehensively developed personality.
V modern world, as before, a huge role was given to education. Upbringing played a huge role both before the Soviet regime and during its period, but after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, upbringing, unfortunately, practically "dropped out" from the educational process. Now, education, in full meaning, is trying to return to educational process... This is a good indicator of the beginning of the rise of the country, but so far it is not very successful. In the current situation in the country, the issue of fostering patriotism in history lessons has become very acute; fostering tolerance is on a par with it, but further we will talk about methods of fostering patriotism in history lessons.
After the collapse of the USSR for a long time the upbringing of patriotism was in an uncertain state. This longer period of time was for the whole country a period of falsification of historical facts, desecration of historical and cultural monuments or even their destruction, the growth and impunity of the actions of nationalist sects that offend historical memory, and the revival of antihuman social movements, manipulation of the consciousness of youth takes place, as well as "Driving" foreign values into the minds of young people. All this is developing slowly thanks to popular memory, but now thanks to government programs that have been adopted and are still in effect. Along with negative factors, promising trends are developing to strengthen the state and state power, social status education, in particular the methods of fostering patriotism in history lessons, and awareness of the values of national culture and history.
Russia has always been famous for its faithful sons, people of honor and dignity, who put and still put the interests of Russia in the first place. These people have always been role models. Today there is already hope for the revival of our Motherland. Russia, finally, recalls its national culture, its history in order to comprehend, know and understand itself, to open its soul to a reasonable, kind person. Life has shown that the values on which the people are brought up cannot be excluded from educational process... Without patriotism, it is impossible to build a new strong state, instill in people an understanding of their civic duty and respect for the law. Without a clear, definite emphasis on protecting Russia's interests, it is impossible to work out any fruitful and independent foreign and domestic policy. Without concern for our own national economy, national market, the growth of domestic producers, self-reliance, it is impossible to improve people's lives. Without respect for their own history, for the deeds and traditions of older generations, it is impossible to raise morally healthy youth. Without the revival of national pride, national dignity, it is impossible to inspire people to high deeds. Today, the state started talking about the need to return to education an important component of educational work - patriotism, which should be based on universal human values, norms and traditions, presented in a form that would not suppress, but on the contrary set off the richness of each nation's own culture.
This is evidenced by the consideration at the highest state level of the issue, first of all, about the education of patriotism in Russia and the creation of a commission under the President of the Russian Federation on attempts to falsify history to the detriment of Russia's interests. The commission was given the task of ensuring the consistency of the activities of federal bodies of state power, bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and organizations aimed at preventing distortions of the value system of our society and strengthening the international prestige of Russia.
Today, foreign influence on young people is opposed by the state policy in the field of education. So in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", upbringing is enshrined as a principle of state policy in the field of education:
1) citizenship,
2) hard work,
3) respect for human rights and freedoms,
4) love for the surrounding nature, homeland, family.
Of fundamental importance is Government program"Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2006-2010", aimed at improving the system of patriotic education, the formation of the citizens of the Russian Federation high patriotic consciousness, loyalty to the Fatherland, readiness to fulfill constitutional obligations.
Patriotism (Greek πατριώτης - compatriot, πατρίς - fatherland) - moral and political principle, a social feeling, the content of which is love for the fatherland and the willingness to subordinate his private interests to its interests. Patriotism personifies inseparability with history, culture, achievements, problems, attractive and inseparable due to their uniqueness and irreplaceability, constituting the spiritual and moral basis of the individual, forming his civic position and the need for worthy, selfless, up to self-sacrifice, service to the Motherland. Patriotism presupposes pride in the achievements and culture of one's homeland, the desire to preserve its character and cultural characteristics and self-identification with other members of the nation, the readiness to subordinate one's interests to the interests of the country, the desire to defend the interests of the homeland and one's people. The historical source of patriotism is the fixed existence of separate states for centuries and millennia, which formed attachment to their native land, language, traditions. In the conditions of the formation of nations and the formation of national states, patriotism becomes part of public consciousness, reflecting national moments in its development. The idea of patriotism is associated with a reverent attitude towards their homeland, but the idea of the essence of patriotism is different for different people.
Understanding patriotism has a deep theoretical tradition that goes back centuries. Plato also argued that the homeland is dearer than father and mother. In a more developed form, love for the fatherland, as the highest value, is considered in the works of such thinkers as Machiavelli, Krizhanich, Russo, Fichte. Many thinkers and teachers of the past, revealing the role of patriotism in the process of a person's personal formation, pointed to their multifaceted formative influence. So, for example, KD Ushinsky believed that patriotism is not only an important task of education, but also a powerful pedagogical tool: “As there is no person without pride, there is no person without love for the fatherland, and this love gives education the right key to the heart man and a powerful support for the fight against his bad natural, personal, family and ancestral inclinations. " Per Lately, the view on patriotism as the most important value, integrating not only social, but also spiritual, moral, cultural, historical and other components, is becoming more and more widespread within the framework of this direction. Summarizing all the statements about patriotism, we can conclude that: patriotism is one of the most significant, enduring values inherent in all spheres of life of society and the state, is the most important spiritual property of the individual, characterizes the highest level of its development and is manifested in its active-active self-realization for the good Fatherland . The given definition allows us to understand the content of the concept of patriotism. It includes: a feeling of attachment to the places where a person was born and raised; respectful attitude to the language of their people; concern for the interests of the Motherland; awareness of duty to the Motherland, upholding its honor and dignity, freedom and independence (defense of the Fatherland); manifestation of civic feelings and preservation of loyalty to the Motherland; pride in the social and cultural achievements of their country; pride in your Fatherland, for the symbols of the state, for your people; respectful attitude to the historical past of the Motherland, its people, its customs and traditions; responsibility for the fate of the Motherland and their people, their future, expressed in the desire to devote their work, the ability to strengthen the power and prosperity of the Motherland; humanism, mercy, universal values.
The concept of “citizenship is also ambiguous: it is active and conscious involvement in the affairs of the political community; it is a psychological feeling of being a citizen, a full-fledged member of the political community; it is the ability and willingness to act as a citizen; it is the highest virtue of a free and full member of the political community; it is a commitment to the interests of the political community, most often the state, a willingness to make sacrifices for the sake of these interests.
These and other related meanings of the concept of "citizenship" mutually complement and reinforce each other, in connection with which it acquires a very broad meaning, reveals an internal connection and kinship with such concepts as "political activity", "political activism", political participation " ...
Patriotism and citizenship are closely related to such a concept as "universal human values." We live in a cruel age, where, it would seem, with such a high level of development of science, technology and human thought, cruel, barbaric, and most importantly, wars and conflicts that take away millions of lives, women and children die. Did our grandfathers and great-grandfathers dream about this? For this, at the cost of their lives, did they conquer the world for us in the Great Patriotic War? All this in many ways raises the question of the education of patriotism and citizenship in schools in a new way.
Civil-patriotic education in history lessons
History is a manifestation of the soul of a people, its gold reserves. Writer V.P. Belov once rightly remarked: “There is no personality outside of memory, outside of tradition and culture. Memory forms the spiritual strength of a person. " Therefore, in the classroom, it is necessary to unobtrusively make the impressions of the past enter the spiritual world of the students. They learn to respect their ancestors. They will know what, in turn, will be passed on to their descendants. So that the students do not grow up as “Ivans who do not remember kinship,” so that they love their culture, family, childhood impressions, school, home, love their native village, dear Gorky Balka, famous for labor and military exploits, which means they love their history.
However, the critical experience of the past shows that the past cannot be perceived in an ideal light. In the life of our ancestors and predecessors, there was a lot of negative things, and the long-suffering story was redrawn more than once to please politicians, deleting and inscribing new chapters, trying to forget and remember something again. It is pointless to argue with politicians, and to provide an opportunity for students to put forward their point of view and find the answer to the question in sources, documentary facts, for example, examples of different points of view. Pupils make their own conclusions. The great danger lies in the subjective position of the teacher. But this problem will be relevant as long as the lessons are taught by living people, not machines. But such lessons cannot be called soulless either.
How can you educate a citizen of your homeland without knowing your history? Paradoxically, history was forgotten for many decades. For millions of our fellow citizens, the idea of Russian history was sometimes based on myths. Who knows, maybe the fall of Russia would be less painful if we knew our history better? “The historian is a prophet who looks back,” wrote Fr. Schlegel.
It is known that there is no prophet in his native land. But today it is very important for Russia to hear precisely these prophets, for knowledge of history protects against new mistakes. History requires personality. So you need to try in your lessons to use all possible methods and techniques, relying on the rich heritage of the past, the positive present, to help the child choose the correct vision of a particular issue. Sometimes it takes long time, but this is the whole point of the educational process. Day by day, from lesson to lesson, together with the children, we go to the set goal. They receive knowledge, and the teacher not only teaches, but also educates, instills a love for history and not only Russia, but also for their small homeland. If you look at civil-patriotic education from the outside, you can draw the following conclusions: the old social ideals and state ideology have exhausted themselves. And a new ideology and new ideals that would unite society have not been worked out. Hence, lack of spirituality, rudeness, cruelty, anger, aggressiveness arises. Modern pedagogy proves that the school should stand up for the moral formation of the personality of the younger generation and that a responsible, civil person - the bearer of law and democracy - should be at the center of modern reforms. “To know is to be able to act,” said G. Spencer. Today, more than ever, a citizen must have independent thinking and the ability to make decisions. How to live, how to become socially protected - this should be taught to the child modern school... It is time for the whole society to understand that school is not a list of academic disciplines, schedules and tests, it is life. And teachers play a huge role in this life.
The subject of history opens up wide opportunities for the formation of the student's personality, the formation of his civic position. Through research work to study the past of their land, region, village, their family goes the child's awareness of himself as a part of the country, the ability to influence its development. In order for students to be able to do this kind of work, and most importantly, to want to do it, you need to be ready to always be with them, develop creativity in them, and create a cognitive stimulus. In research work, the child completely moves away from cramming, he consciously absorbs all the best that is associated with our history. The whole complex of school disciplines gives the child a stock of knowledge necessary for a future independent life, and each subject in this complex is important. But there is such an object in it that makes it possible for the child to see wider and deeper to understand the world... And this is history.
To better understand a certain historical time, it is necessary to look at it from different angles: how the progress of science and technology took place, what bright personalities lived at that time, how culture developed. And from all this, personality is formed. And not just a person, but a patriot of his homeland. In the lessons and extracurricular activities, show what it is through the personality that the story speaks, acts, and ultimately educates. Today's generation, like any other, needs an ideal. And history is a reliable basis for developing such an ideal. IN. Klyuchevsky rightly regretted "the generation that has no ideals." What should be today's ideal? Complex issue. But one thing is certain - first of all it must be a citizen. Therefore, it is necessary to include elements of local history in the lessons, only the person who respects the culture and history of other peoples is a true patriot and citizen of his country. The task of the teacher is to help the child to open up, to get rid of the complexes that hinder him, to believe in himself. The child must think independently, even if these thoughts are at odds with the generally accepted ones. In my understanding, a teacher is not only a person, it is a phenomenon. If you think about it, then you clearly understand that the teacher is the world that surrounds us. Is it possible not to call a teacher the land in which a person lives, the nature around him? And how can you not call our history a teacher? Truly, her educational role is enormous!
So that the children go to lessons with pleasure, and leave with a desire to meet again as soon as possible. And we are moving forward together with them, trying to achieve any high results. And let this quiet, almost imperceptible forward movement inspire and give new strength for further work. Only in this way can we educate a new generation that will withstand all the trials and difficulties that have befallen our homeland, because its history is alive, which means that Russia is alive. It is unacceptable to be ashamed or consider patriotism or love for the Motherland as something indecent. This is not nationalism. Patriotism in its highest manifestation is on the same level with cosmopolitanism. Who can say that “citizens of the world” S. Roerich, N. Gumilev, M. Gandhi, F. Roosevelt, Mother Teresa were not patriots of their countries?
History lessons play an important role in fostering patriotism. Entering the museum, talking with veterans or old-timers, picking up old photographs, the faces of the children become different, in these faces you can see the question, and pride, and amazement at what has just been opened.
Such work teaches children kindness, attention, respect and, of course, love for the dearest that surrounds them: parents, loved ones, favorite places and friends.
Now parents and children are somewhat distant from each other, there is no invisible thread of communication between them, parents, trying to provide materially, forget about spiritual development their children. Therefore, when they come to school, children expect this communication from their teachers. In order to restore this thread, set tasks at home that cannot be completed without talking to your parents. And all these tasks relate to the historical past of the parents, which means this is another step in communicating with history.
So it turns out that history is a teacher, a teacher who helps to understand reality, look for worthy examples not only in the past, but also in the present, a teacher who enriches the soul and saturates the world around him, a teacher who helps to educate not just a citizen, but a real patriot of his Motherland. ...
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Civil-patriotic education in history lessons
INTRODUCTION
Patriotism is when you think that this country is better than everyone else because you were born here.
Bernard Show
The patriotic education of the younger generation has always been one of the most important tasks of the modern school, because childhood and adolescence is the most fertile time for instilling a sacred feeling of love for the Motherland. Patriotic education is understood as the gradual and steady formation of students' love for their homeland. Patriotism is one of the most important features of a comprehensively developed personality.
In the modern world, as before, a huge role was given to education. Upbringing played a huge role both before the Soviet regime and during its period, but after the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, upbringing, unfortunately, practically "dropped out" from the educational process. Now, education, in its full meaning, is trying to return to the educational process. This is a good indicator of the beginning of the rise of the country, but so far it is not very successful. In the current situation in the country, the issue of fostering patriotism in history lessons has become very acute; fostering tolerance is on a par with it, but further we will talk about methods of fostering patriotism in history lessons.
After the collapse of the USSR, the education of patriotism was in an indefinite state for a long time. This longer period of time was for the whole country a period of falsification of historical facts, desecration of historical and cultural monuments or even their destruction, the growth and impunity of the actions of nationalist sects that offend historical memory, and the revival of antihuman social movements, manipulation of the consciousness of youth takes place, as well as "Driving" foreign values into the minds of young people. All this is developing slowly thanks to popular memory, but now thanks to government programs that have been adopted and are still in effect. Along with negative factors, promising trends are developing to strengthen the state and state power, the strengthening of the social status of education, in particular, methods of educating patriotism in history lessons, and awareness of the values of national culture and history.
Russia has always been famous for its faithful sons, people of honor and dignity, who put and still put the interests of Russia in the first place. These people have always been role models. Today there is already hope for the revival of our Motherland. Russia, finally, recalls its national culture, its history in order to comprehend, know and understand itself, to open its soul to a reasonable, kind person. Life has shown that the values on which the people are brought up cannot be excluded from the educational process. Without patriotism, it is impossible to build a new strong state, instill in people an understanding of their civic duty and respect for the law. Without a clear, definite emphasis on protecting Russia's interests, it is impossible to work out any fruitful and independent foreign and domestic policy. Without concern for our own national economy, national market, the growth of domestic producers, self-reliance, it is impossible to improve people's lives. Without respect for their own history, for the deeds and traditions of older generations, it is impossible to raise morally healthy youth. Without the revival of national pride, national dignity, it is impossible to inspire people to high deeds. Today, the state started talking about the need to return to education an important component of educational work - patriotism, which should be based on universal human values, norms and traditions, presented in a form that would not suppress, but on the contrary set off the richness of each nation's own culture.
This is evidenced by the consideration at the highest state level of the issue, first of all, about the education of patriotism in Russia and the creation of a commission under the President of the Russian Federation on attempts to falsify history to the detriment of Russia's interests. The commission was given the task of ensuring the consistency of the activities of federal bodies of state power, bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and organizations aimed at preventing distortions of the value system of our society and strengthening the international prestige of Russia.
Today, foreign influence on young people is opposed by the state policy in the field of education. So in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", upbringing is enshrined as a principle of state policy in the field of education:
1) citizenship,
2) hard work,
3) respect for human rights and freedoms,
4) love for the surrounding nature, homeland, family.
Of fundamental importance is the state program "Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2006-2010", aimed at improving the system of patriotic education, forming a high patriotic consciousness among citizens of the Russian Federation, loyalty to the Fatherland, and readiness to fulfill constitutional obligations.
The concept of patriotism and citizenship
Patriotism (Greek πατριώτης - compatriot, πατρίς - fatherland) is a moral and political principle, a social feeling, the content of which is love for the fatherland and the willingness to subordinate its private interests to its interests. Patriotism personifies inseparability with history, culture, achievements, problems, attractive and inseparable due to their uniqueness and irreplaceability, constituting the spiritual and moral basis of the individual, forming his civic position and the need for worthy, selfless, up to self-sacrifice, service to the Motherland. Patriotism presupposes pride in the achievements and culture of one's homeland, the desire to preserve its character and cultural characteristics and self-identification with other members of the nation, the readiness to subordinate one's interests to the interests of the country, the desire to defend the interests of the homeland and one's people. The historical source of patriotism is the fixed existence of separate states for centuries and millennia, which formed attachment to their native land, language, traditions. In the conditions of the formation of nations and the formation of national states, patriotism becomes an integral part of public consciousness, reflecting national moments in its development. The idea of patriotism is associated with a reverent attitude towards their homeland, but the idea of the essence of patriotism is different for different people.
Understanding patriotism has a deep theoretical tradition that goes back centuries. Plato also argued that the homeland is dearer than father and mother. In a more developed form, love for the fatherland, as the highest value, is considered in the works of such thinkers as Machiavelli, Krizhanich, Russo, Fichte. Many thinkers and teachers of the past, revealing the role of patriotism in the process of a person's personal formation, pointed to their multifaceted formative influence. So, for example, KD Ushinsky believed that patriotism is not only an important task of education, but also a powerful pedagogical tool: “As there is no person without pride, there is no person without love for the fatherland, and this love gives education the right key to the heart man and a powerful support for the fight against his bad natural, personal, family and ancestral inclinations. " Recently, the view on patriotism as the most important value, integrating not only social, but also spiritual, moral, cultural, historical and other components, has become more and more widespread within this area. Summarizing all the statements about patriotism, we can conclude that: patriotism is one of the most significant, enduring values inherent in all spheres of life of society and the state, is the most important spiritual property of the individual, characterizes the highest level of its development and is manifested in its active-active self-realization for the good Fatherland. The given definition allows us to understand the content of the concept of patriotism. It includes: a feeling of attachment to the places where a person was born and raised; respectful attitude to the language of their people; concern for the interests of the Motherland; awareness of duty to the Motherland, upholding its honor and dignity, freedom and independence (defense of the Fatherland); manifestation of civic feelings and preservation of loyalty to the Motherland; pride in the social and cultural achievements of their country; pride in your Fatherland, for the symbols of the state, for your people; respectful attitude to the historical past of the Motherland, its people, its customs and traditions; responsibility for the fate of the Motherland and their people, their future, expressed in the desire to devote their work, the ability to strengthen the power and prosperity of the Motherland; humanism, mercy, universal values.
The concept of “citizenship is also ambiguous: it is active and conscious involvement in the affairs of the political community; it is a psychological feeling of being a citizen, a full-fledged member of the political community; it is the ability and willingness to act as a citizen; it is the highest virtue of a free and full member of the political community; it is a commitment to the interests of the political community, most often the state, a willingness to make sacrifices for the sake of these interests.
These and other related meanings of the concept of "citizenship" mutually complement and reinforce each other, in connection with which it acquires a very broad meaning, reveals an internal connection and kinship with such concepts as "political activity", "political activism", political participation " ...
Patriotism and citizenship are closely related to such a concept as "universal human values." We live in a cruel age, where, it would seem, with such a high level of development of science, technology and human thought, cruel, barbaric, and most importantly, wars and conflicts that take away millions of lives, women and children die. Did our grandfathers and great-grandfathers dream about this? For this, at the cost of their lives, did they conquer the world for us in the Great Patriotic War? All this in many ways raises the question of the education of patriotism and citizenship in schools in a new way.
Civil-patriotic education in history lessons
History is a manifestation of the soul of a people, its gold reserves. Writer V.P. Belov once rightly remarked: “There is no personality outside of memory, outside of tradition and culture. Memory forms the spiritual strength of a person. " Therefore, in the classroom, it is necessary to unobtrusively make the impressions of the past enter the spiritual world of the students. They learn to respect their ancestors. They will know what, in turn, will be passed on to their descendants. So that the students do not grow up as “Ivans who do not remember kinship,” so that they love their culture, family, childhood impressions, school, home, love their native village, dear Gorky Balka, famous for labor and military exploits, which means they love their history.
However, the critical experience of the past shows that the past cannot be perceived in an ideal light. In the life of our ancestors and predecessors, there was a lot of negative things, and the long-suffering story was redrawn more than once to please politicians, deleting and inscribing new chapters, trying to forget and remember something again. It is pointless to argue with politicians, and to provide an opportunity for students to put forward their point of view and find the answer to the question in sources, documentary facts, for example, examples of different points of view. Pupils make their own conclusions. The great danger lies in the subjective position of the teacher. But this problem will be relevant as long as the lessons are taught by living people, not machines. But such lessons cannot be called soulless either.
How can you educate a citizen of your homeland without knowing your history? Paradoxically, history was forgotten for many decades. For millions of our fellow citizens, the idea of Russian history was sometimes based on myths. Who knows, maybe the fall of Russia would be less painful if we knew our history better? “The historian is a prophet who looks back,” wrote Fr. Schlegel.
It is known that there is no prophet in his native land. But today it is very important for Russia to hear precisely these prophets, for knowledge of history protects against new mistakes. History requires personality. So you need to try in your lessons to use all possible methods and techniques, relying on the rich heritage of the past, the positive present, to help the child choose the correct vision of a particular issue. Sometimes it takes a long time, but this is the whole point of the educational process. Day by day, from lesson to lesson, together with the children, we go to the set goal. They receive knowledge, and the teacher not only teaches, but also educates, instills a love for history and not only Russia, but also for their small homeland. If you look at civil-patriotic education from the outside, you can draw the following conclusions: the old social ideals and state ideology have exhausted themselves. And a new ideology and new ideals that would unite society have not been worked out. Hence, lack of spirituality, rudeness, cruelty, anger, aggressiveness arises. Modern pedagogy proves that the school should defend the moral formation of the personality of the younger generation and that a responsible, civil person - the bearer of law and democracy - should be at the center of modern reforms. “To know is to be able to act,” said G. Spencer. Today, more than ever, a citizen must have independent thinking and the ability to make decisions. How to live, how to become socially protected - this should be taught to a child by a modern school. It is time for the whole society to understand that school is not a list of academic disciplines, schedules and tests, it is life. And teachers play a huge role in this life.
The subject of history opens up wide opportunities for the formation of the student's personality, the formation of his civic position. Through research work to study the past of his land, region, village, his family, the child becomes aware of himself as a part of the country, the ability to influence its development. In order for students to be able to do this kind of work, and most importantly, to want to do it, you need to be ready to always be with them, develop creativity in them, and create a cognitive stimulus. In research work, the child completely moves away from cramming, he consciously absorbs all the best that is associated with our history. The whole complex of school disciplines gives the child a stock of knowledge necessary for a future independent life, and each subject in this complex is important. But there is such an object in it that enables the child to see more widely and deeper to understand the world around him. And this is history.
To better understand a certain historical time, it is necessary to look at it from different angles: how the progress of science and technology took place, what bright personalities lived at that time, how culture developed. And from all this, personality is formed. And not just a person, but a patriot of his homeland. In the lessons and extracurricular activities, show what it is through the personality that the story speaks, acts, and ultimately educates. Today's generation, like any other, needs an ideal. And history is a reliable basis for developing such an ideal. IN. Klyuchevsky rightly regretted "the generation that has no ideals." What should be today's ideal? Complex issue. But one thing is certain - first of all it must be a citizen. Therefore, it is necessary to include elements of local history in the lessons, only the person who respects the culture and history of other peoples is a true patriot and citizen of his country. The task of the teacher is to help the child to open up, to get rid of the complexes that hinder him, to believe in himself. The child must think independently, even if these thoughts are at odds with the generally accepted ones. In my understanding, a teacher is not only a person, it is a phenomenon. If you think about it, then you clearly understand that the teacher is the world that surrounds us. Is it possible not to call a teacher the land in which a person lives, the nature around him? And how can you not call our history a teacher? Truly, her educational role is enormous!
So that the children go to lessons with pleasure, and leave with a desire to meet again as soon as possible. And we are moving forward together with them, trying to achieve any high results. And let this quiet, almost imperceptible forward movement inspire and give new strength for further work. Only in this way can we educate a new generation that will withstand all the trials and difficulties that have befallen our homeland, because its history is alive, which means that Russia is alive. It is unacceptable to be ashamed or consider patriotism or love for the Motherland as something indecent. This is not nationalism. Patriotism in its highest manifestation is on the same level with cosmopolitanism. Who can say that “citizens of the world” S. Roerich, N. Gumilev, M. Gandhi, F. Roosevelt, Mother Teresa were not patriots of their countries?
History lessons play an important role in fostering patriotism. Entering the museum, talking with veterans or old-timers, picking up old photographs, the faces of the children become different, in these faces you can see the question, and pride, and amazement at what has just been opened.
Such work teaches children kindness, attention, respect and, of course, love for the dearest that surrounds them: parents, loved ones, favorite places and friends.
Now parents and children are somewhat distant from each other, there is no invisible thread of communication between them, parents, trying to provide materially, forget about the spiritual development of their children. Therefore, when they come to school, children expect this communication from their teachers. In order to restore this thread, set tasks at home that cannot be completed without talking to your parents. And all these tasks relate to the historical past of the parents, which means this is another step in communicating with history.
So it turns out that history is a teacher, a teacher who helps to understand reality, look for worthy examples not only in the past, but also in the present, a teacher who enriches the soul and saturates the world around him, a teacher who helps to educate not just a citizen, but a real patriot of his Motherland. ...
Bibliographic list
1. Site of the festival of pedagogical ideas "Open lesson" [Electronic resource]. - Publishing house "First September" 2003-2009. - Access mode:http://festival.1september.ru , free.
2. Agapova I.A., Davydova M.A. Patriotic education at school. M .: Ayris-Press, 2002 .-- 212p.
Literary reading
Fostering patriotism in primary school happens almost daily. Great importance is attached to patriotic education, first of all, in the lessons of the Russian language, literary reading, the subject "The World Around Us". Systematic work on the patriotic education of schoolchildren gives positive results, because the young generation will not be brought up on denying the culture of their country and ridiculing the history of their state, but will learn to find the correct guidelines, form a system of attitudes towards certain events. Literature has great potential in patriotic education. Oral creativity of any nation contains the richest material for education in the spirit of friendship, mutual understanding, diligence, patriotism. This purpose is served by proverbs, sayings, riddles, songs, epics. Episodes of the military history of Russia represent a huge material for the patriotic and civic education of students. So, studying the heroic pages of the history of our country in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Borodino" students reveal the thoughts and feelings of ordinary soldiers who defended their homeland from the enemy, his reflections on the significance of the Battle of Borodino and the role of the common people, on the Russian national character, on the price at which the glory of the motherland is obtained. In these lessons, a conversation is held about the war of 1812 and the significance of the Battle of Borodino. The main thing when analyzing the poem we answer the question: “Why do the feelings of the participants in the distant events of 1812 continue to excite us now? Why, during the Great Patriotic War, the defenders of Moscow often uttered the words of Lermontov: “Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us?
Reading the poem by M.Yu. "Borodino", the children come to the conclusion that this poem is about the immortal heroic deed of the people. And at the same time, this is a word of sadness and longing for the past irreversible heroic days. We highlight the historical significance of the poem "Borodino". Children begin to understand that an ordinary participant in the battle, a simple soldier, is talking about the heroic deed of the people, about the great historical battle. And most importantly - his story, simple and direct, always at the height of what happened.
Analyzing the story of the soldier, we see that the heroic deed of the people is not only not diminished in its significance, not only did not disintegrate into "cases" and particulars, but, on the contrary, acquired amazing value. In it, the individual, the particular is united by a common idea. "Guys! Isn't Moscow behind us? Let us die near Moscow, How our brothers died! " This patriotic idea, illuminating the entire story of a soldier, gives content and meaning to what is happening. "Borodino" by Lermontov is the autobiography of a national feat.
It is necessary to convey to every child that the most striking thing about the Lermontov soldier is that he sees history, but not from the command post and not from the top of eternity, but from his battery. This is the philosophical significance of Lermontov's poem as a poem about people's self-consciousness. And in the lesson, the student transforms into a simple battery of the Borodino battle and proudly reads the lines:
We're going to break the wall
Let us stand with our heads
For your homeland!
In the lesson, children feel the unity of the army, complete mutual trust and mutual guarantee of one for all and all for one, which is characteristic of the psychology of a soldier of a people's war of liberation.
Children begin to understand that in the poem "Borodino" the poet draws a just, national and liberation war. It defines all the proportions of the image, paint, whole and detail. The poem repeats the word "Russian" more than once: "Russian bayonets", "Russian fighting is daring, our hand-to-hand combat"; the word "homeland" sounds like a call to battle; and over everything as an excuse for innumerable losses and sacrifices - the image of Moscow, personifying the entire country.
Thus, the significance of this poem for literature and for social thought in Russia cannot be overestimated. And Lermontov's poem "Borodino" is a fertile material for the education of civil-patriotic feelings in younger students.
(from the experience of a teacher)
V. I. Shamshieva,
MBOU SOSH №8 (Birsk RB)
Development of a lesson on the topic "The Patriotic War of 1812"
Lesson objectives:
Tell about the course of the Patriotic War, the heroic defense of the Russian population, find out what its national character is;
To foster a sense of pride and love for the Motherland on the examples of the exploits of the Russian people;
Develop skills in working with documents, with a map, the ability to define, compare and explain concepts.
LESSON PLAN.
1. Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
2. Battle of Borodino.
3. Council in Fili and the abandonment of Moscow.
4. Retreat and death of the "Great Army".
Equipment: map "Patriotic War of 1812", documents, textbook, illustrations.
DURING THE CLASSES