Social security is a system of measures for material support and services for the elderly, disabled citizens, families with children, as well as people in need of social assistance... It allows citizens of the country to exercise their constitutional right to material security and social services in old age, in case of illness, complete or partial disability, loss of a breadwinner and in other cases established by law.
In modern Russia, the problem of improving the social security system is becoming one of the most urgent. Indeed, without its effective functioning, there can be no stability and progress in society.
The question of the classification of types of social security raises various judgments of scientists. It seems to us that the main types of social security should include: pension provision; system of benefits;
a system of benefits for the needy categories of the population (disabled people, veterans, etc.); a system of vocational training, employment and prosthetic and orthopedic assistance for disabled people; social services for the elderly, disabled and people in difficult life situations; social assistance to families and children.
The most important function of social security is the payment of pensions to citizens - monthly cash payments to disabled citizens in connection with their past labor or other socially useful activities. Pension relations in our country are regulated by the Law "On State Pensions in the RSFSR" dated November 20, 1990, taking into account the changes and additions introduced by subsequent laws of the Russian Federation and other regulations.
The main type of pension provision is labor pensions, which are assigned in connection with labor or other socially useful activities. Along with this, there is also a social pension. Labor pensions include old-age (old-age), disability, survivor, and seniority pensions. An old-age pension is awarded in connection with reaching a certain age with the required length of service. On a general basis, an old-age pension is assigned to workers, employees and collective farmers: men upon reaching 60 years of age with a work experience of at least 25 years, women - 55 years with a work experience of at least 20 years.
A disability pension is established in connection with a long-term or permanent actual disability (disability). A seniority pension is awarded upon the presence of a certain special length of service, regardless of age and actual state of work ability. A survivor's pension is awarded to disabled family members of the deceased who were previously dependent on him. In some cases, such a pension may also be awarded to non-dependents.
A social pension is a state payment for the purpose of providing material assistance to citizens who, for any reason, do not have the right to a pension in connection with labor and other socially useful activities. Such a pension is established for invalids of I and II groups, including invalids from childhood, as well as invalids of III group; disabled children under the age of 16; children who have lost one or both parents before the age of 18;
citizens who have reached 65 and 60 years of age (men and women, respectively), in a certain amount of old-age pension in each case.
The number of pensioners registered with the authorities social protection the country's population is more than 38 million people. As of the end of 1998, 36.8 million pensioners received labor pensions. In our country, as in many countries of the world, there is a tendency for the share of the population over working age and disabled people to grow.
The pension situation was aggravated by delays in the payment of pensions. They grew from 1995 to early 1997. Then, for a short time, the situation with pension payments was normalized. But in March 1998 the situation deteriorated sharply, the delays again reached 3, 4 or more months. The main reason for this situation was the aggravation of the crisis in the country's economy.
A form of additional social security for senior citizens is non-state pension funds... The impetus for their development was the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On Non-State Pension Funds" (September 1992). When such funds are created, banking, insurance and investment activities are combined. The most important elements of the activity of non-state pension funds are the accumulation of pension contributions, the placement of pension reserves and the payment of pensions.
In Russia, according to 1997 data, there were 254 non-state pension funds licensed to engage in non-state pension provision. At that time, about 1 million 670 thousand people became participants in these funds. Of these, 156.6 thousand people received a non-state pension.
Non-state pension funds can be conditionally divided into three groups:
funds, pension contributions, which are formed mainly by enterprises and employing organizations (up to 95% of total contributions);
pension funds with preferential contributions from individuals (up to 95% of total contributions);
funds with joint participation of legal entities and individuals.
In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Benefits to Citizens with Children" (1995), the following types of benefits were established:
for pregnancy and childbirth;
one-time for women registered with medical institutions in the early stages of pregnancy;
one-time at the birth of a child;
monthly for the period of parental leave until the child reaches the age of one and a half years;
monthly per child.
Of the listed benefits, there are serious problems with payments in the latter type. At present, there are still arrears in payments of state benefits for children even for 1996. The transfer from April 1, 1998 of the functions of assigning and paying monthly benefits for children to the social protection authorities did not change the situation for the better. In many regions of the country, the arrears of monthly child benefits continue to grow. So, in the Rostov region, as of January 1999, the debt on child benefits amounted to more than 780 million rubles, including about 358 million rubles in arrears for 1996-1997.
The state lump-sum allowance for large families is paid at the birth of the fourth and subsequent children in ever-increasing amounts. In addition, a monthly allowance is paid from the second year of a child's life until the child reaches the age of five. If you have the right to a lump sum at the birth of a child and lump sum for large families - one, larger in size, is paid. The allowance for single mothers is determined for each child and is paid until the child reaches the age of 16, and if he studies but does not receive a scholarship, then until the age of 18. The allowance for single mothers for large families is paid regardless of the woman's receipt of the established allowance for single mothers.
For temporary incapacity for work, there are such types of benefits as benefits for illness (injury), for spa treatment, for prosthetics. The first is issued on the basis of a sick leave from the day of disability until its restoration. For spa treatment - in cases where the employee's annual leave is not enough for treatment and travel to the sanatorium and back, but the voucher was issued in whole or in part at the expense of social insurance funds. Prosthetics allowance is paid when an employee is placed in a hospital of a prosthetic and orthopedic institution.
Unemployment benefit is calculated as a percentage of the average earnings for the last three months of work, if the citizen who applied for it has at least 26 calendar weeks of work experience established by law on a full working day (week) basis. Citizens with the specified work experience, as well as those dismissed from military service and from the internal affairs bodies, the benefit is calculated: in the first three months of unemployment - in the amount of 75% of the average monthly earnings (cash benefits) for the last three months of work (service), in the next four months - in the amount of 60%, in the future - 45% , but in all cases not lower than the statutory minimum wage and not higher than the average wage prevailing on the territory of the corresponding constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The duration of the benefit payment in each period of unemployment cannot exceed 12 months in total, within 18 calendar months.

Benefits are also paid to people with disabilities from childhood and children with disabilities, for children of conscripts, for burial. Benefits to persons with disabilities from childhood are assigned to persons under 16 years of age, recognized as invalids of groups I and II from childhood, as well as disabled children under the age of 16 with appropriate medical indications. Children with disabilities who are eligible for benefits and retirement benefits are entitled to benefits or pensions of their choice. Benefits for the children of conscripts are assigned to the wives of soldiers, sailors, sergeants and sergeants of conscript service with children. Funeral allowance is issued in the event of the death of both the employee himself and his dependent family members: children, brothers, sisters under the age of 18 or disabled (regardless of age) spouse, parents, grandfather, grandmother.
An important type of social security is the system of benefits. Social benefits are additional rights and benefits for certain categories of citizens who are unable to implement a common legal norm for all for reasons beyond their control, or for persons who have special services to the state. According to 1996 data, benefits in our country were provided to almost thirty categories of citizens, the number of which was over 12 million people. These are, first of all, disabled people, pensioners, labor and war veterans.
Social law specialists classify benefits:
by subjects (pensioners, invalids of groups I and II, former prisoners of fascism, Heroes of the USSR and the Russian Federation, persons exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl disaster, etc.);
in terms of content (free travel on transport, free receipt of medicines, exemption from paying for housing and utilities, free installation of a telephone, etc.);
by funding sources (state off-budget social insurance funds, federal and territorial funds for social support of the population, budgets of various levels) and other criteria.
People with disabilities are one of the most needy categories of the population. They enjoy the right to travel free of charge on public transport in urban and suburban traffic. They were provided with reduced fare in intercity transport, and disabled people of I-II groups, disabled children, as well as their accompanying persons are provided with free travel to the place of treatment and back. In a number of regions, people with visual disabilities of I-II groups are provided with a 50% discount on payment for using the telephone. Disabled persons with medical indications are provided with free spa treatment. However, the provision of some benefits to people with disabilities is currently difficult for financial reasons. Thus, in the Rostov region, for medical reasons, in 1998, 2,874 disabled people needed sanatorium-resort treatment, and only 444 people, or 15.5% of those in need, could receive vouchers.
In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Veterans", labor veterans enjoy certain benefits. Among them: benefits for payment of housing and communal services; 50% - a discount from the subscription fee for telephone and radio, and for invalids of the Great Patriotic War and invalids of military operations on the territory of other states, free services for installing telephones; 50% - discount on payment for solid fuel; privileges for traveling by rail for intercity and suburban traffic; discounts on public transport. These and other benefits are actually provided to veterans in many regions of Russia, although the budget deficit creates problems here as well.
Vocational training and employment of people with disabilities as a type of social security is of particular importance in the modern conditions of the transition to market mechanisms of management. Unemployment strikes especially hard on able-bodied people with disabilities. After all, they need specially created working conditions, and the employer is not always ready to go for it.
The state provides people with disabilities with job security. In accordance with the Federal Law "On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation", a whole range of measures is envisaged to increase their competitiveness in the labor market. These include the following:
implementation of a preferential financial and credit policy in relation to specialized enterprises using the labor of disabled people, as well as enterprises, institutions, organizations, public associations of disabled people;

Establishment of quotas for the recruitment of persons with disabilities and the minimum number of special jobs for them. Organizations, regardless of their organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership, the number of employees in which is more than 30 people, establish a quota for hiring people with disabilities as a percentage of the number of employees, but not less than three percent;

Reservation of jobs in professions most suitable for the employment of people with disabilities;

Encouraging the creation by enterprises, institutions, organizations of additional jobs, including special ones, for the employment of people with disabilities;

Creation of working conditions for disabled people in accordance with their individual rehabilitation programs. For disabled people of I and II groups, a reduced working time of no more than 34 hours per week is established, while maintaining full remuneration. Involvement of disabled persons in overtime work, work on weekends and at night is allowed only with their consent and provided that such work is not prohibited for them for health reasons. People with disabilities are provided with annual leave of at least 30 calendar days based on a six-day working week. Disabled persons of groups I and II have the right to grant them unpaid leave for up to two months at their request;

Creation of conditions for entrepreneurial activity of disabled people;

Organization of training for disabled people in new professions in demand on the labor market.
The above measures expand the possibilities of persons with disabilities in addressing issues of their vocational training and employment. In this case, it is probably necessary to actively use the possibilities of public organizations, non-state enterprises and socially oriented cooperatives. For example, in the village of Kamenolomni, Oktyabrsky District, Rostov Region, the cooperative "Assistant" recruits groups of people with disabilities since childhood to train them in the professions of a telemaster, computer operator, accountant with subsequent employment. The local employment center provides financial support to the "Assistant" in this matter.
Prosthetic and orthopedic assistance for disabled people is aimed at providing them with the necessary prostheses, personal means of transportation at home and on the street, as well as orthotics, that is, devices and corsets necessary for life (orthopedic shoes, etc.). Personal means of transportation for disabled persons are special bicycle and motorized carriages, manual vehicles. People with disabilities have the right to manufacture and repair prosthetic and orthopedic products (except for dentures made of precious metals) at the expense of the federal budget in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation. They are also provided with the necessary means of telecommunication services, special telephones, including for subscribers with hearing impairments.
The most important link in the social security system is social services. In our country, it is regulated, first of all, by the Federal Laws "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" (1995) and "On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens" (1995).
Social services are a set of social services provided to citizens who are not capable of self-service due to old age, illness, disability, as well as to people in difficult life situations. It may be citizens in connection with unemployment, natural disasters, catastrophes, affected by various conflicts, including family, interethnic, etc.
The social service system includes. various institutions. These include: comprehensive social service centers; territorial centers of social assistance to families and children; centers of social services for elderly and disabled citizens; social rehabilitation centers for minors; centers for helping children without parental care; social shelters for children and adolescents;
centers of psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population; centers for emergency psychological assistance by telephone; centers (departments) of social assistance at home; overnight houses; special homes for the lonely and the elderly; inpatient institutions of social services (boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, psycho-neurological boarding schools, orphanages for mentally retarded children, boarding homes for children with physical disabilities); gerontological centers; crisis centers and other institutions.
Social services at the request of elderly citizens and disabled people can be carried out on a permanent or temporary basis. A particularly popular form of social service is home-based services. If in the early 90s. about 600 thousand people received social assistance at home in our country, but now more than 1 million people use its services. Along with home-based services, the system of social services for the elderly and disabled includes semi-stationary social services in day (night) departments, urgent social services, social counseling and inpatient social services.
Of the non-stationary institutions, the most developed in recent years have been the municipal centers of social services (CSO). They are engaged in identifying elderly citizens and people with disabilities who need such services, determine the types of social services they need, ensure their provision, provide urgent social services, and also provide the population with social advisory assistance. The first CSOs began to be created in the late 1980s, for example, in Moscow they appeared in 1989. In 1993, in Russia as a whole, there were a little more than 100 of them, and at the end of the 90s. - more than one and a half thousand. Currently, in Rostov region alone, there are 62 municipal centers of social services, 780 departments of social services at home, 53 departments of day care, 12 specialized departments of social and medical services at home, 14 social rehabilitation departments and 46 departments of urgent social services. During 1998, social assistance was provided to 291.4 thousand citizens in the region, which is 82.2% of the total number of applicants.
Inpatient social services are aimed at providing versatile social and household assistance to elderly citizens and disabled people who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and who need constant care and supervision for health reasons. According to 1997 data, in Russia there were 1,060 boarding schools for the elderly and disabled, in which more than 230 thousand people lived.
Nowadays, boarding homes are mainly received by people who require constant care, who have largely lost the ability to move. The statistics given in the "Handbook of a specialist in social work with the elderly" show that 88% of people in boarding schools suffer from mental pathologies, 67.9% have limited physical activity, 62.3% are not even able to to partially serve themselves, 25% of residents die here every year.
One of the new forms of social services is the development of a network of special residential buildings for single elderly citizens and married couples with a complex of social services. Such houses consist of one- and two-room apartments and include a complex of social services, a medical office, a library, a canteen, food ordering points, laundry and dry cleaning, cultural leisure and labor activity... These houses are usually organized around the clock operating dispatch centers, provided with internal communication with living quarters and external telephone communication.
Large families, children left without parental care are also subject to social security. A variety of assistance to low-income, incomplete, large families, as well as families with disabled children is provided by family services in such forms as one-time cash payments, in-kind assistance, etc. As of the beginning of 1996, there were about a thousand social service institutions in the Russian Federation families of various types.
In recent years, the country has expanded the network of social institutions to help children. In 1998, only in one Rostov region were opened: a regional social shelter for children and adolescents for 30 places in the Oktyabrsky district and three centers of social assistance to families and children with orphanages in the city of Azov, Aksaysky and Oryol districts. Children's shelters and centers serve as social shelters for many needy children, homeless orphans.
The social security system occupies a special place among the general technologies of social work. It is not only interconnected with other technological procedures of socionomy, but also ensures their interaction in practice. The priority nature of social security in the technology of social work is determined by the fact that it is essential condition realization of the civil rights of Russians.
LITERATURE
Actual problems of history, theory and technology of social work. Issue 1. / Sat. Articles ed. P.Ya. Tsitkilova - Novocherkassk. - Rostov n / a, 1998.
Lectures on the technology of social work. In 3 parts. / Under. ed. E.I. Single 4.1. - M .: Socio-Technological Institute, 1998.
Specialist's Handbook: Social Work with the Elderly. - M., 1995.

Current page: 1 (total of the book has 18 pages) [available passage for reading: 12 pages]

Font:

100% +

Vladimir Ivanovich Kurbatov
110 questions and answers on the theory and practice of social work
Tutorial

© V. I. Kurbatov, 2015

© Publishing House KnoRus LLC, 2015

Foreword

Currently, social work, as an important social phenomenon, is a kind of model of real social assistance that society implements in a given historical period, in accordance with all the features of economic, economic, national, cultural, socio-political development and the entire social policy of the state. We can say that this is an extremely broad interpretation of social work. In a narrower subject-professional sense, social work is a socially necessary activity aimed at social protection of the individual, human rights and is the guarantor of the political and social stability of society, since it is designed to hinder the growth of marginal segments of society.

Social work objectives include the following:

- social adaptation of clients in society;

- creation of real conditions for self-affirmation of representatives of "weak" groups; diagnostics of social and personal problems;

- social prevention; social assistance and social security for those in need, counseling clients in social services;

- social rehabilitation and therapy;

- social supervision and social welfare;

- social design and examination of social projects;

- mediation on a certain range of issues between clients and various organizations;

In accordance with this, social work can be defined as a specific form of state and non-state influence on a person in order to ensure the cultural, social and material standard of living of the population.

The domestic history of the practice and theory of social work is rooted in the deep humanistic traditions of human existence, conditioned by the biological, mental and social nature of a person, family and family relations. Social work as a profession is also associated with spirituality, moral and ethnic principles, adherence to various religious and other faiths, which have had a significant impact on the formation of the principles of human community.

In various socio-anthropological concepts, the best qualities of a person in his relations with other people have always been emphasized and developed, including serving his neighbor, caring for the sick and the weak, who finds himself in a difficult life situation, in trouble, poverty and who does not have the opportunity to independently solve his life and vital problems. Social work has come a long historical path from personal, personal or collective philanthropy, often based on religious beliefs, to theoretical scientific or organized philanthropy, and then to the recognition of the real responsibility of society for the social well-being of its citizens and for the effectiveness of the work of special professional social services, from voluntary assistance, based on common sense, life experience and intuition, to professional activity.

At the initial stage of the development of historical practice and the theory of social work, the overwhelming majority of representatives of various philanthropic and feminist movements were engaged in it. Representatives of the American school played an important role in the establishment of the profession, expressing different socio-philosophical views on the causes of social problems, and accordingly developed different approaches to filling social work.

The social work of modern society is usually associated with the development and flourishing of industrial capitalism, which entailed such grandiose changes in the social structure in the social forms of the West that one can speak of a qualitatively different type of relationship between man and society. The development of social work was influenced by the ideological and theoretical views of the liberal, conservative persuasion, as well as the theoretical socio-philosophical systems that existed in the 19th - early 20th centuries. Such systems include, for example, Marxism, social Darwinism, the theory of social action, etc.

The views of representatives of positivism and liberalism at the end of the 19th century. in the UK and the USA, they contributed to the formation of concepts of the responsibility and moral duty of the state to a specific person for the inability to provide him with all the conditions for a normal existence in society, as well as that the most rational (and, accordingly, scientific) way of solving the emerging social problems is progressive social reforms with an individual and personal approach to each person in need of help.

Working with problem people gradually lost the disorganized character of pure charity and philanthropy and acquired a new quality, along with the corresponding name of social work. At the same time, various new organizational forms of activity arose. In the process of organizing various specialized services, a search was undertaken for models of real social assistance, and not only of an urgent or one-time, but also of a preventive or even preventive nature, designed for a long period of time. Among the events that subsequently opened up certain areas of professional social work and the system of social welfare and social security, insurance can be distinguished. In the field of upbringing and education - work at school, with family, with persons of antisocial behavior, etc.

It should be noted that social work received a new impetus along with a new round in the development of social science and practice in Western society in the 1970s and 1990s. This period is characterized by global changes in the production of industrial products, characterized by a high degree of automation and computerization, and a decrease in the number of industrial workers in this regard. This largely led to the emergence of an independent, developed service sector, and later the social sector, in which social workers played and continue to play the most significant role.

In the modern history of Russia, the development of social work is mainly due to the fact that on April 23, 1991, by the decision of the State Committee on Labor and Social Issues, the list of professions of the Russian Federation was supplemented with three relatively new specialties and areas of scientific and practical activity: “social teacher”, “social employee ”and“ social work specialist ”. From the same time, professional training of social workers began in the field of secondary specialized and higher vocational education.

It should be noted that in the history of Russian social work, the most remarkable thing is that the formation and development of the professions "social work" and " social pedagogy”Was prepared by a long-term pre-revolutionary historical tradition of wide social charitable activities in the field of assistance, as well as by the experience of educational, cultural and educational work among the population in the Soviet period.

This, apparently, is the main feature of the formation of the domestic model of social work. Another feature is determined by the fact that, on the one hand, in our state there is in many ways a unique historical experience in the field of social assistance, and on the other, this once developed tradition of social assistance in pre-revolutionary Russia was irretrievably lost in the course of well-known events. As a result, to date, the following situation has developed: in the field of social assistance, we have an unprecedented historical experience, which is practically impossible to apply in practice without a radical revision, adaptation to the conditions of modern reality. In other words, those unique developments that have survived only in archival sources and have come down to us may well be reconstructed and developed. But this is not easy to do, since the historical context of their formation and development is too different, namely the historical conditions of pre-revolutionary charity and modern domestic realities. Therefore, the revival of the previous experience of social work cannot be the result of blind copying. Obviously, this is precisely why, in contrast to countries with a well-established historical tradition of social work, Russia is forced to practically create anew, although not from scratch, but nevertheless create its own modern national system of social work.

Next feature state of the art of domestic social work is organically linked to the previous one, since the burden of unresolved problems in the social sphere initially confronts specialists in the field of social work with the need to simultaneously establish an effective system of social protection, while simultaneously developing a scientific concept that is adequate to the requirements of the moment. In fact, the formation of social work as a professional sphere of activity is going on simultaneously with the scientific and practical development of the main methodological, conceptual provisions that determine the essence of social pedagogy.

And finally, another feature is rooted in the close unity of such social concepts, processes and phenomena as "social work" and "social pedagogy". Historically, social work in Russia is not only an activity to provide direct social assistance to those in need, but also work on upbringing, socialization, adaptation, training and education of a person.

The social worker must master the fundamentals of the theory of social work. He must have special professional, spiritual and moral qualities, such as humanism, mercy, compassion, conscientiousness, responsibility, a sense of civil and social justice.

The general professional baggage of a social worker is an understanding of the place of social work (socionomy) in the system of social and humanitarian knowledge, which is primarily associated with understanding the foundations of the theory of social work, knowledge and use in theory and social practice of philosophical, sociological, socio-psychological, legal, statistical, socio-pedagogical and other methods. The result of a real practical action of a social worker is, first of all, the ability and ability to use various general and private technologies, including social diagnostics, prevention, adaptation, rehabilitation, correction and therapy, social examination and forecasting, social mediation and counseling, social security and insurance. , guardianship and guardianship.

The use of certain social technologies is conditioned by the subject areas of actions of social workers, the results of their clientele activities: work in the field of employment, family, settlement of relations among migrants, unemployed, low-income, etc.

1. What are the main ways to solve social problems?

The first is revolutionary transformative... The Marxist trend, the essence of which is that social problems can be solved only in a revolutionary way: by transforming society itself. In practice, as we know, this approach was embodied in the USSR, the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and some countries of Asia and Latin America in the twentieth century.

The second is reformist, whose representatives also looked for the causes of social hardships in society, but saw the way out in the gradual reform of society. The social development of most countries with a capitalist economic system followed this path. The Scandinavian countries have been particularly successful in this.

The third is anthropological... Proponents of this approach believed that the reasons for a person's social ills lie in himself. The founder of this movement is M. Richmond, the author of the book Social Diagnoses, which became a classic for the theory of social work, published in 1917. Based on the American ideology of individualism, Richmond viewed poverty as a disease, the inability of an individual to independently organize his independent life. The client acted as a kind of patient, and the task of the social worker was reduced to "social healing" of an individual in an unsatisfactory condition, and preparing the ward to be able to independently solve their problems.

2. What does social work mean as a type of social activity?

This is the kind social activities aimed at harmonizing personal and social relations by providing assistance to individuals, groups of people and communities experiencing difficulties in social functioning, through protection, support, correction and rehabilitation, as well as by changing or reforming certain elements of the social system. In social work, the principles, methods and approaches of a number of scientific directions are used to solve social and humanitarian problems.

3. What does social work mean as a social theory?

This eoria, studying the ways and methods of promoting social adaptation and the realization of the subjectivity of the individual and the group in accordance with social norms and values ​​of society in different spatio-temporal situations.

4. What is the meaning of social work as an academic discipline taught in the field of secondary specialized and higher vocational education?

Social work as a multilevel academic discipline taught in higher, secondary specialized educational institutions, as well as in the system of advanced training for social workers. Its goals and objectives are to form the personal and professional qualities of a future social worker with a stable attitude towards self-education, in teaching theoretical knowledge and transferring the necessary skills and abilities, the system of technologies existing in social work.

5. What does social work mean as one of the varieties of social practice?

Social work is one of the varieties social action means the following: the main efforts of purposeful manipulations in professional social work are focused on creating conditions under which the object of action (client) will socially function on the principles of self-sufficiency, as well as on carrying out corrective or rehabilitative work with persons of antisocial or deviant behavior. The boundaries of social work as spheres of social action can be defined only in specific spatio-temporal coordinates, since at the professional level, social work is largely limited by the framework predetermined by the social policy of a particular state in a specific time period of its historical development. Social work is characterized by continuity, which is due to the fact that social and humanitarian problems in society, as well as theoretical and practical approaches to their resolution, arise in parallel with the development of both the society itself and the individual individuals that make it up. The sphere of social work is expanding simultaneously and accordingly with the expansion and complication of the nature and scope of social ties in society.

6. How is social work expressed as a type of professional activity?

Social work like possesses features that distinguish it from other socially oriented professions of a similar nature (doctor, teacher, psychologist, lawyer, etc.). One of the main distinguishing features is the very nature of the process of social action and interactions between the specialist and the client. In contrast to the role-based subject-object relationships inherent in other types of helping professions, and in this regard, the act of decision-making in the process of action, in social work, subject-subject relationships dominate, which are of a trusting nature, in which the client retains the right or advantage in making solutions. Clientele specifics social institutions consists in the fact that mainly representatives of the financially disadvantaged, socially vulnerable or marginal layers of society apply for help. This means that social work cannot have a high degree of prestige and bring large incomes to professional social workers, especially in a market economy and the influence of both liberal and conservative ideologies in society. Social work is often mistakenly referred to as the services of support or technical personnel of social services or charitable organizations engaged in social welfare, whose work usually does not require high qualifications and appropriate training in a higher or secondary special education program, while the professional services of a social work specialist who solves the client's personal problems at the level of a consultant-psychologist or teacher, a specialist - HR (personnel) manager or organizing social-analytical, research or forecasting activities, require solid theoretical and practical basic training.

7. What social spheres does social work cover?

How professional activity general social work covers three broad areas: 1) social therapy at the individual-personal and family levels with the aim of social adaptation and rehabilitation of the individual and the resolution of conflict situations in the context of his environment; 2) social work with the group, and groups can be classified: by age (children, youth or groups of elderly citizens), by sex, by interests or similar problems (confessional, associations of single parents, single mothers, single fathers, groups of former alcoholics or drug addicts, etc.) ... Often social workers have to deal with groups of an asocial or even criminal nature (child or adolescent crime, vagrancy, organized prostitution, drug addiction, youth groups of asocial orientation, etc.); 3) social work in the community, at the place of residence... It is focused on expanding the network of social services, strengthening community ties, creating a favorable socio-psychological climate in places where people live compactly, as well as organizing various kinds of local initiatives, self-help groups, etc.

8. What is the specificity of social work?

To understand the specifics of social work, it is necessary to correlate it with charity, religious and secular, that is, to define the activities of social workers as “professional”. It is the word “professionalism” that is key in defining the essence of social work by its elite. In the modern sense, using the term "profession", indicate a certain range of problems and a set of techniques with which these problems can be identified and resolved. Thus, each profession is based on a specific system of knowledge of both theoretical and practical nature, as well as on its own criteria for the successful solution of the set problems. In addition, each profession develops a special system of ethical principles that sets some "correct" ways of relationships with clients, colleagues and external authorities. Educational institutions and professional associations guard these principles, turning them into rules of conduct. The connection between the operational and ethical components of activity is especially clear in those professions that are usually called the most humane. These professions, self-determined in the spirit of scientific objectivity, often pose the problem of "engineering" human relations, but in any case, everything has an ultimate goal determined by the interests of the client. Knowledge, skills, concepts and norms of professional activity are passed from generation to generation through the system of professional training. Moreover, special attention is paid to the development of practical skills, as well as the transfer of professional traditions directly from experienced specialists to beginners.

9. What are the characteristics of a professional social work professional?

The personality of a specialist and her professionally significant qualities are formed in the process of multi-stage selection. The social worker is, in a sense, a universal, but his universalism has fairly clear subject boundaries set by the content of the client's life problems and possible ways their solutions. He does not replace a psychologist, sociologist or teacher, just as they, even taken together, cannot replace or replace a social worker.

Current page: 1 (total of the book has 27 pages) [available passage for reading: 18 pages]

Font:

100% +

A history of social work. Textbook

The textbook on the course "History of Social Work" was developed and published within the framework of the scientific school of the academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the founding rector of the Russian State Social University V. I. Zhukova "RUSSIA IN THE GLOBAL SYSTEM OF SOCIAL COORDINATES: HISTORICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL COMPARATIVISM"

Editorial Council:

T. A. Golikova, Yu. V. Gertsy, O. Yu. Golodets, V. Ya. Doroshenko, S. V. Ivanets, A. K. Isaev, I. I. Kalina, M. R. Kambolov, V. I. Lagunkina, A. Yu. Levitskaya, S. Yu. Orlova, V. A. Petrosyan, O. V. Samarina

Academician of the RAS V. I. Zhukov; Dr. East D., prof. T. B. Kononova; to. ist. D., Assoc. O. A. Anikeeva; to. ist. D., Assoc. L. V. Badya; to. ist. D., Assoc. N. I. Gorlova; Dr. East D., prof. T. E. Demidova; to. ist. D., Assoc. T.V. Zaltsman; to. ist. D., Assoc. M. V. Rattur; to. ist. D., Assoc. O. V. Semin; Dr. East n. prof. A. S. Sorvina; Dr. East D., prof. L. I. Starovoitova; Dr. East D., prof. V. A. Fokin; K. ped. D., Assoc. I. V. Fokin; Dr. East D., prof. P. Ya. Tsitkilov; Dr. East D., prof. E. I. Kholostova

Responsible editor T. B. Kononova

Reviewers:

A. V. Dmitriev- Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences

T. A. Dubrovskaya

Z. M. Saralieva- Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor

© Publishing house RSSU, 2011, 2015

Foreword

The textbook on the course "History of Social Work" - the first in a cycle of basic textbooks on social work - is a new generation of educational literature that provides multilevel training in the direction of "Social work" based on the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education of the third generation (FSES HPE) ...

The first curricula, programs and teaching aids for the specialty "Social Work" were created in 1989-1991. group of scientists, among whom the greatest authority in the scientific and pedagogical environment stood out S. A. Belicheva, I. A. Zimnyaya, I. G. Zainyshev, E. I. Kholostova.

With the creation of the Russian State Social Institute of the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation (November 25, 1991), the stage of an integrated approach to scientific, methodological and personnel support for the training of specialists with higher education for institutions of the social sphere and its governing bodies began. The RGSI formed a team of scientists and educators who were distinguished by an innovative approach to the integrated development of textbooks, lecture courses, anthologies, chronographs and other literature. At the same time, the achievements of historiography were studied in detail, tribute was paid to those who made a special contribution to the formation of the domestic system of social protection of the population. Among them - the young Tsar Peter I, who laid the foundation for state policy in social work; Empress Maria Feodorovna, who created a network of charitable institutions; A. M. Kolontai - People's Commissar of Public Charity.

This role was reflected in the placement of their images on the cover of the textbook, as well as such centers of concentration of social interaction experience as the Russian Orthodox Church (Cathedral of Christ the Savior), educational institutions (Smolny Institute), universities (the main scientific and administrative building of the RSSU).

The purpose discipline "History of social work" is the receipt by students of the necessary knowledge in the formation of various forms of assistance in Russia and abroad, the formation of their systemic ideas about the evolutionary path of development of the main historical forms, about models, institutions of assistance and support in world civilization, as well as training the skills of cultural dialogue, tolerance; development of independent thinking, taking into account the acquisition of new knowledge in the field of social and cultural interaction.

The goal predetermined the formulation and solution of the main learning objectives disciplines:

To form an idea of ​​the place of the history of social work in the system of humanitarian knowledge;

To study the formation, development and content of such concepts as "charity", "public charity", "patronage", "charity", "social security", "social insurance", "social protection", "social work", "sponsorship" , “Non-profit sector”, “foundation”, “grant”;

Explore the historical aspects of the formation of social work;

On the basis of historical and sociological comparative studies, i.e. comparative analysis, to give students an idea of ​​the originality of the development of domestic and foreign private, public and state practice of social assistance;

To form a holistic critical and value attitude to the historical practice of supporting and protecting the most vulnerable segments of the population, developed in the world civilized space;

To teach students, on the basis of historical analysis, to assess current trends in the development of social work practice, its institutional forms and models;

To form in students a system of skills and ideas about the formation of technologies in the system of social work; to develop skills in applying the necessary and sufficient categorical apparatus in the social sphere, to develop skills in applying various approaches acquired in the study of other academic disciplines;

To form in students a system of ideas about the main stages, forms and types of social assistance; to develop a systematic understanding of the development of social assistance in the cultural and historical aspect, to master the methods of substantiating one's position and conducting a dialogue on problems related to the value attitude towards world and national history and culture;

Build competencies that promote cultural and social interaction based on the principles of tolerance.

The history of social work is one of the basic academic disciplines of the professional federal block of the state educational standard of higher professional education. Teaching the history of social work is based on students' knowledge of social studies, world and national history and art, cultural studies, and religious studies. The History of Social Work uses a philosophical and categorical apparatus of its own.

In the course "History of Social Work", a number of significant competencies are formed, which have a significant impact on the quality of graduate training.

In the process of mastering this discipline, the student forms and demonstrates the following professional competence:

- owns a culture of thinking, is capable of generalization, analysis, perception of information, setting a goal and choosing ways to achieve it (OK-1);

- is able to logically correctly, reasonably and clearly build oral and written speech (OK-2);

- ready to cooperate with colleagues, work in a team (OK-3);

- is able to find organizational and managerial solutions in non-standard situations and is ready to bear responsibility for them (OK-4);

- realizes the social responsibility of his future profession, has a high motivation to carry out professional activities (OK-8);

- uses the basic provisions and methods of social, humanitarian and economic sciences in solving social and professional problems (OK-9);

- uses the basic laws of natural sciences in professional activities, applies methods of mathematical analysis and modeling, theoretical and experimental research (OK-10);

- owns the basic methods, methods and means of obtaining, storing, processing information, has the skills to work with a computer as a means of information management (OK-12);

- capable of innovative activities in the social sphere, optimizing its combination with the traditional culture of personal and social life (PC-6);

- capable of competent use of legislative and other regulations of the federal and regional levels (PC-11);

- ready to comply with professional and ethical requirements in the process of carrying out professional activities (PC-12);

- ready to present research results in the form of reports, abstracts, publications and public discussions (PC-19);

- is able to take into account the specifics of the national-cultural space and the nature of the life of various national, gender and age and social-class groups as objects of social and project activities of institutions of the social sphere (PC-31).

As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must demonstrate the following educational results:

1. Know the main historical paradigms, models and theoretical directions of social work, historical facts, dates, events, stages of development of the practice of social work in the history of mankind in their chronology (OK 1-4).

2. Be able to use the knowledge gained in scientific and practical activities (OK 8-12).

3. Own research skills, be ready for practical work (PC 6, 11, 12, 19, 31).

4. Be competent in the field of using legislative and other normative acts of the federal and regional levels (PC-11); in professional and ethical issues in the process of carrying out professional activities (PC-12); problems of the national-cultural space and the nature of the life of various national, gender and age and social-class groups as objects of social and project activities of institutions of the social sphere (PC-31).

The textbook "History of Social Work" is the result of innovative research and scientific-pedagogical activities of the most authoritative scientists and teachers in the national system of social education. It has undergone serious testing and creates a basis for increasing the efficiency of activities in the field of personnel training, their retraining and advanced training, the growth of the authority and competitiveness of the Russian national school of social work.

Academician of RAS

V. I. Zhukov

Module I. Formation of social work in Russia in the 9th-19th centuries

Topic 1.1. Theoretical and methodological approaches to historical research

annotation... The first topic of the first module is devoted to the study of the subject, object, goals and objectives of the course "History of Social Work"; subject-conceptual interpretations of the category "social work" in the context of its genesis and theoretical and methodological problems of historical knowledge.

Target... To acquaint the student with the methodology of research in the field of social work, to determine the place of the course among other historical disciplines, to identify the subject, object and objectives of the course, the problems of periodization of social work, to clarify the main definitions (brief logical definitions).

Subject, object, goals and objectives of the course "History of Social Work"

First of all, let us try to give the most general definition of modern social work. It is quite difficult to do this, since in Russia social work includes three hypostases that make up its content: social work as a scientific theory, as a type of professional activity and as an academic discipline. In this case, we will focus on its professional-specific component. In this context social work is a type of activity of people, public associations and organizations to provide assistance to various segments of the population.

However, initially, at the end of the 90s of the XX century, social work was interpreted more narrowly, only as assistance to people in difficult life situations. Today the understanding of social work has expanded. Its tasks include not only the localization of social problems of various categories of those in need, but also the prevention of difficult life situations and the search for internal reserves, the discovery of possible potentials of objects of help for self-realization. Therefore, it should be noted that social work is a type of activity, the tasks of which include the disclosure of the creative potential of an individual to solve problems on his own.

Controversial, as a rule, are issues related to the selection of the object and subject of the course "History of Social Work", which depends on the choice of methodological concepts and approaches to research in this area of ​​knowledge. In our particular case, based on the chosen toolkit and interest in the development of various assistance technologies, we will single out social work as a special type of social activity as an object of research. Then it seems possible as course object define social work as a specific form of social activity, and as subject of research- problems of the formation of various institutions and forms of assistance as a result of the progressive development of society.

The main goal of the course: to explore historical ways of supporting those in need with the aim of their creative application in modern reality.

The logic of building the training course "History of Social Work" is caused by three levels tasks.

First level of tasks: to give an idea to those studying this subject about the originality of the development of foreign and domestic social assistance.

Second level of tasks: to form a holistic and value-based attitude to the national historical past and heritage in the field of maintaining various segments of the population and adopt the most productive of historical methods of assistance.

The third level of tasks: to reveal the actual problems of historical models of social assistance that have developed in Russia and abroad over the past several centuries, and to identify ways of using them in the modern world.

As we study the history of social work, we will often refer to different paradigms of assistance.

For the first time concept "paradigm", which in translation from Greek means example, sample, was introduced into scientific circulation by the American scientist Thomas Kuhn (born in 1922). In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn developed the concept of scientific paradigms, normal science, and scientific revolutions. According to his concept, a paradigm is a fundamental theory or concept that guides scientists in their activities, applying it to specific phenomena and cases.

In modern dictionaries on philosophy, the paradigm- This is a set of theoretical and methodological prerequisites that determine a specific scientific research, which is embodied in scientific practice at this stage. The paradigm helps to solve the difficulties arising in research work, to fix the changes in the structure of knowledge that occur as a result of scientific revolutions.

In social work, the paradigm is it specific model help, in which the time frame, the ideologeme of help, objects and subjects of help, and its forms change. The mechanisms of reciprocation and redistribution that make up its basis remain constantly unchanged. Reciprocation- mutual assistance, mutual exchange of gifts and services. Redistribution- the transfer of a part of the surplus product produced by the community members at the disposal of the leaders for various public needs. In accordance with the selected elements, you can select and types of historical paradigms: archaic; confessional; state; public and state; societal.

Historical models of social work in this textbook are highlighted on the basis of historical paradigms. In the history of social work, the following can be distinguished model: archaic; state; confessional; social welfare (equalization) in the West; social security in the USSR; formation of social capital.

Obviously, as a result of the development of society, interest in its history grew more and more, which required a certain systematization of knowledge. As a result, today it is customary to single out general history, within which the general laws of the history of mankind are studied; story Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, a number of other states, including Russia. Within the framework of the history of Russia as a national history, from the end of the last century, an independent branch of knowledge began to form - social history. In its depths, since the emergence of social work in Russia (1991), a narrow special branch of historical knowledge began to be studied - the history of social work. This area of ​​knowledge can be further narrowed down by a special course on the history of Russian philanthropy. Foreign scientific historical thought in the field of social work, in contrast to Russia, was non-discrete (continuous) in nature and occupies a stable place in the historical context, being, nevertheless, also limited by the specifics of cognition.

Subject-conceptual interpretations of the main definitions in the context of the genesis of social work

Each science has its own terminology, its own conceptual and categorical apparatus. The history of social work is no exception. Let's consider the main categories of our course.

The modern concept of "social work" is a product of the American aid system of the 20th century. Before the appearance of the new term in the world civilized space, derivatives from the Latin "caritas" (love, respect, mercy) and the ancient Greek "philanthropos", which literally means love (phileo) + man (anthropos), were used.

With the growing power and influence of the Church, the concept of "caritas" began to be perceived as confessional assistance. In the 18th century, when religious dogmas ceased to dominate the world, philosophers tried to build a new morality based on reason and rationalism. As a result, a new concept arose - "charity"(from the French "bienfaisance", which literally means a good deed (deed).

The term "bienfaisance" literally translated from French historian N.M. Karamzin in the 18th century. as charity, was introduced into scientific circulation by the Abbot Bernaden de Saint-Pierre in the era of the development of the ideas of rationalism in order to dilute the confessional concept of "charite" (Latin "caritas"), which had a purely Christian meaning in the Middle Ages, and a new understanding of philanthropic activity, going beyond the limits of the church's concept of help.

In the West, thus, they began to distinguish public, state and private types of assistance, each of which had its own name based on the lexical features of the language of a particular state.

In Russia, we are seeing similar trends. Before the appearance of the term "charity" in the empire they used the ancient Russian word "charity", the semantics of which organically included all the Old Russian verbs reflecting active love for one's neighbor: warm up - drink - exhort - sickness - bury - forgive, etc. Thus, charity can be defined as a concept that organically combines a set of active Old Russian verbs reflecting various types of help, love, compassion and mercy.

The new term "charity" has become firmly established in active vocabulary and was easily extrapolated to earlier periods in the history of the development of domestic forms of aid. However, he did not supplant the term charity. These two concepts, as well as the types of assistance they designate, developed in parallel. In addition, during the development of capitalism in Russia, another term appeared: "public charity." Public charity Is a permanently operating system of state, private and public charitable initiatives formalized by legislation.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "patronage", "charity", "charity" and "public charity". They are based on the generic concept of "help", but each of the terms has its own narrow nuances. So, patronage- this is charitable assistance in the field of culture, art, less often - science. (Maecenas is the name of a companion and advisor of the Roman emperor Augustus Maecenas Gaius Cilnis, who became famous for feasts and treats for people of art. The name of Maecenas as a patron of arts has become a household name).

Charity means private, that is, non-systematic, subjective, non-state aid; charity implies, first of all, confessional help; public charity(a concept characteristic of the 19th century) is a constantly operating system of state, private and public charitable initiatives formalized by legislation. It is customary to distinguish between open and closed charity systems.

Open charity system- unregulated, unsystematic, chaotic assistance to those in need, which is based on some personal motives of the helping subject. An open charity system is akin to primitive charity.

Helping subject - the one who provides assistance (state, public organization, private person, foreign charitable structure, etc.).

Closed system of charity (help) - it is a collection of specialized state, private and public institutions that provide constant assistance (shelters, almshouses, hospitals, invalids and work houses). Their activities are usually regulated by law and statutes. Public charity in the conditions of the Russian Empire is identical to the state.

During the Soviet period, the concepts of "charity" and "public charity" were condemned as terms degrading human dignity and removed from the active vocabulary and explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language. However, the concept of “charity” not only remained, but after the events of 1991 again became an integral part of social policy.

In the works of scientists, primarily of the Russian State Social University, the concept is clarified from the standpoint of modern realities of historical and social sciences. Charitable acts and social work dictionaries also provide their own interpretation of this definition.

In general, in the system of social policy in Russia today, concepts such as “social work”, “charity”, “social security”, “social protection”, “social support”, and “social assistance” are widely used (see Glossary). Gradually, in the process of evolution of social assistance, the concept of "social technologies" has developed, with the help of which all existing forms and types of assistance are classified, including within the framework of modern social work.

Technology(from the Greek. Techne - art, skill, skill + logos - teaching) - a system of knowledge about the methods and means of processing and qualitative transformation of the object.

Professor E.I. Social technology is an essential element of the management mechanism. Technologies of social services, being an element of the system of social action, also have not only a functional and executive, but also a managerial nature. "

Social technologies are very diverse, which is due to the diversity of the social world, social life, and its relationship with natural phenomena.

Based on the understanding of social work as a special type of professional activity, the essence of social technologies can be interpreted, first of all, as a set of objects, methods and influences of state, public and private organizations, specialists and activists aimed at providing assistance, support, protection of all people, strata and groups of the population.

Introduction

The problem of building family relations today is largely due to a radical change in the previous and the emergence of new socio-economic relations. Crisis phenomena are observed not only in the sphere of economics and politics, but also in the spiritual life of society. At the present time, individualization is manifested in universal relations, the extreme forms of which lead to the disintegration of some families and the devaluation of the values ​​of the family way of life in our society.

This determines The relevance of research the process of social support of family and marriage relations.

The problem of family and marriage was dealt with by V. Satir, K. Vitek, I. Ts. Dorno, M.S. Matskovsky. Marital relations were studied by N.E. Korotkov, S.I. Cordon, I.A. Rogova, V.A. Sysenko, A.G. Kharchev, A.I. Kuzmin.

In the process of studying the problem of family and marriage relations, contradiction between the need to harmonize family relations and the insufficient development of measures for the social support of family and marriage relations.

Based on this contradiction, it was determined research topic: "Social support of family and marriage relations."

Research problem is the definition of the role of activities in the social support of family and marriage relations.

The object of this study marriage and family relations are advocated.

Subject of study: accompaniment of family relations.

Purpose of the study: to determine the state of marriage and family relations at the present stage and the ways of their social support.

Research hypothesis lies in the fact that social support is likely to harmonize family and marriage relations.

Research objectives:

1. Study the problems of family relationships.

2. Give a description of family-oriented programs.

3. To develop measures for the social support of family and marriage relations.

Research methods:

· Theoretical - the study of normative legal documents about the family, theoretical works on family problems, generalization, analysis;

· Practical - conversation, survey, questionnaires, statistical and mathematical processing of the received materials

The work consists of an introduction, the first chapter "The state of marriage and family relations at the present stage", the second chapter "Measures for the social support of family and marriage relations", a conclusion, an appendix.

Chapter 1. The state of marriage and family relations at the present stage

1.1 Marriage and family: concept, types, functions, life cycles of development

The family, according to scientists, is one of the greatest values ​​created by mankind in the entire history of its existence. Not a single nation, not a single cultural community has been without a family. Society and the state are interested in its positive development, preservation, consolidation; every person, regardless of age, needs a strong, reliable family.

In modern science there is no single definition of the family, although attempts to do this were undertaken by great thinkers of the past centuries (Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Hegel, etc.). Identified multiple features of the family, but how to combine them, highlighting the most significant? Most often, the family is spoken of as the basic unit of society, which directly participates in the biological and social reproduction of society. In recent years, more and more often the family is called a specific small socio-psychological group, thereby emphasizing that it is characterized by a special system of relations, which are more or less governed by laws, moral norms, and traditions.

VA Mizherikov gives the following definition of the family: “The family is a small social group based on marriage, consanguinity, whose members are linked by a common life, mutual material and moral responsibility. (17, p. 104).

V. Satir in his book “How to build oneself and one's family” writes that “the family is a microcosm of the whole world”, in order to understand it, it is enough to know the family ”(25, p. 5). The manifestations of power, intimacy, independence, trust, communication skills that exist in it are the key to unraveling many phenomena of life. If we want to change the world, we need to change the family. " (25, p. 121)

PI ... Shevandrin gives the following concept: “The family is a small socio-psychological group whose members are connected by marriage or kinship relations, community of life and mutual moral responsibility and the social necessity of which is due to the need for physical and spiritual reproduction of the population. (33, p. 405).

R. Nemov writes in a textbook on psychology that “a family is a special kind of collective that plays a basic, long-term and most important role in upbringing. Trust and fear, confidence and shyness, calmness and anxiety, cordiality and warmth in communication, as opposed to alienation and coldness - all these qualities a person acquires in a family. (20, v. 2, p. 276)

From all these definitions, it is clear that within the family there are two main types of relationships - matrimony (marriage relationship between husband and wife) and kinship (relationship between parents and children, between children, relatives).

In the life of specific people, families are multifaceted, since interpersonal relationships have many varieties. For some, the family is a stronghold, a reliable emotional rear, a focus of mutual concerns, joy; for others, it is a kind of battlefield, where all members fight for their own interests, wounding each other with a careless word, unrestrained behavior. However, the overwhelming majority of people living on earth associate the concept of happiness, first of all, with the family: the one who is happy in his house considers himself to be happy. People who, according to their own estimates, have a good family, live longer, get sick less, work productively, endure life hardships more firmly, are more sociable and more benevolent than those who have failed to create a normal family, keep them from decay, or are a convinced bachelor. This is evidenced by the results of sociological studies conducted in different countries.

The family, as a kind of community of people, as a social institution, affects all aspects of social life; all social processes are directly or indirectly connected with it (12, p. 84). At the same time, the family has relative autonomy from socio-economic relations, being one of the most traditional and stable social institutions. (31, p. 151)

In everyday ideas, and in special literature, the concept of "family" is often identified with the concept of "marriage." In fact, these concepts, in fact, having something in common, are not synonyms.

"Marriage is a historically developed various mechanisms of social regulation (customs, religion, law, morality) of sexual relations between a man and a woman, aimed at maintaining the continuity of life" (SI Golod, AA Kletsin). The purpose of marriage is to create a family and have children, therefore marriage establishes spousal and parental rights and obligations. It should be borne in mind that family marriages have arisen in different historical periods.

“The family is a more complex system of relations than marriage, since it, as a rule, unites not only spouses, but also their children, other relatives or simply close spouses of the people they need” (32, p. 68).

Each family is unique, but at the same time it contains characteristics that can be attributed to any type. The most archaic type is the patriarchal (traditional) family. This is a large family, where different generations of relatives and relatives live in the same "nest". There are many children in the family who depend on their parents, respect their elders, and strictly observe national and religious customs. The emancipation of women and all the accompanying socio-economic changes undermined the foundations of authoritarianism that reigned in the patriarchal family. Families with traits of patriarchy have survived in rural areas, in small towns (27, p. 112).

In urban families, the process of nuclearization and family segmentation, characteristic of most peoples of industrialized countries, has reached a greater scale. Nuclear families (the predominant type) consist predominantly of two generations - of spouses and children - before the latter marry. (26, p. 18). In our country, families consisting of three generations are widespread - of spouses, children and grandparents. Such families are often forced: a young family wants to separate from their parents, but cannot do it due to the lack of their own housing. In nuclear families (parents and children), i.e. young families, usually there is a close community of spouses in everyday life. It is expressed in respectful attitude to each other, in mutual assistance, in an open manifestation of care for each other, in contrast to patriarchal families, in which it is customary to hide such a relationship. , including the experience of upbringing from the older generation to the younger (27, p. 93)

In the last decade, a growing number of small families consisting of two people: incomplete, maternal, "empty nests", spouses whose children "flew out of the nest."

A sad sign of the present time is the growth of single-parent families resulting from a divorce or the death of one of the spouses. In an incomplete family, one of the spouses (more often a mother) is raising a child (children). The same structure of the maternal (extramarital) family, which differs from the incomplete one in that the mother was not married to the father of her child. The quantitative representativeness of such a family is evidenced by the domestic statistics of "illegitimate" birth rates: every sixth child appears from an unmarried mother. Often she is only 15-18 years old, when she is not able to support the child or raise him. In recent years, maternal families have begun to be created by mature women (about forty years old ...), who deliberately made the choice to "give birth for themselves." Every year, more than half a million children under the age of 18 are left without one parent as a result of divorce. Today in the Russian Federation, every third child is brought up in an incomplete or maternal family.

The modern family is formed and functions under the conditions of the state. Therefore, it is important to overcome the traditional view of the family as a purely personal matter of the individual. The "family - society" relations are regulated by the "main directions of state family policy" (1996) adopted by the decree of the President of the Russian Federation. Family policy is viewed as a system of measures in the center of which the family with its problems of life and, above all, with the family culture in relation to raising children in a variety of cases, including divorce, adoption, their birth out of wedlock. The noble goal of family policy was proclaimed: the creation of conditions necessary for the family to achieve well-being, to protect its institutional interests, to ensure social security in the process of social development. "The family is a specific social institution in which the interests of the community, family members as a whole and each of them are intertwined." (11, p.30) As the primary unit of society, the family performs functions (action) that are important for society, necessary for the life of every person.

The functions of the family are understood as the direction of the life of the family collective or its individual members, expressing the social role and essence of the family. (11, p. 31).

The functions of the family are influenced by such factors as the requirements of society, family law and moral norms, real state assistance to the family. Therefore, throughout the history of mankind, the functions of families are constantly changing: new ones appear, die off or are filled with other content that previously appeared (33, p. 38).

Currently, there is no generally accepted classification of family functions. Researchers are unanimous in defining such functions as procreation (reproductive), economic, restorative (organization of leisure), and educational. There is a close connection, interdependence, complementarity between the functions, therefore, any violations in one of them affect the performance of the other.

Reproductive function is the biological reproduction and preservation of offspring, the continuation of the human city (Matskovsky). The only and irreplaceable producer of the person himself is the family. The instinct of procreation, laid down by nature, is transformed by a person into the need to have children, take care of them, and educate. At the present time, the main social function of the family is to meet the needs of a man and a woman in marriage, fatherhood, and motherhood. This social process ensures the reproduction of new generations of people, the continuation of the human race (11, p. 32).

The words "family" and "parenting" usually stand side by side, since the birth of a new family is the most important meaning of marriage. This is a tradition that goes back centuries: if there is a family, then there must be children; since there are children, then there must be parents with them.

“The economic function provides a variety of economic needs of your own family. At present, the content of the economic function has been enriched with new forms, such as individual labor activity, family contracting, etc. It is important that the economic function is common for all family members, (11, p. 34).

The function of spiritual communication (organization of leisure) “manifests itself in meeting the needs for joint leisure activities, mutual spiritual enrichment; leisure activities are aimed at restoring and maintaining health. The study of the level of "social well-being" showed that among the main problems complicating the life of a modern family, health problems, anxiety about the future of children, fatigue and lack of prospects are most often noted.

The upbringing function is the most important function of the family, which consists in the spiritual reproduction of the population (11, p. 38). The philosopher N.Ya. Soloviev said that "the family is the upbringing cradle of man", because. Both adults and children are brought up in a family at all age stages. Upbringing is about cooperation, when both give and both feel endowed with gifts. There are three aspects of the educational function of the family (7, p. 39).

1. Upbringing of a child, the formation of his personality, the development of ability. Through intrafamily communication, the child learns the norms and forms of behavior and moral values ​​accepted in a given society.

2. Systematic educational influence of the family collective on each of its members throughout his life. Each family develops its own individual upbringing system, the basis of which is one or another value orientation. The family is a kind of school in which everyone “goes through” many social roles. Throughout their life together, spouses influence each other, but the nature of this influence changes. In the first period of family life, there is a "grinding" of characters, habits, addiction to tastes, habits, reactions. In adulthood, spouses try to avoid neurotic situations, emphasize each other's dignity in every possible way, instill confidence in their own strengths, etc.

3. The constant influence of the children of the parents (other family members), encouraging them to self-education. Any upbringing process is based on the self-upbringing of educators. DB Elkonin noted that “it is not so much the family who socializes the child as he himself socializes those close to him, subjugates them to himself, tries to construct a comfortable and pleasant world for himself ...”. It is not for nothing that many great teachers believed that family education is, first of all, the self-education of parents. The meaning of each of the above functions varies depending on the needs of society and the needs of the individual, as well as depending on the stages of the family's life cycle (6, p. 418).

The life cycle of a family changes with functions. Each individual family goes through several stages in its development. At each of these stages, family members face certain challenges and difficulties.

There are several periodizations of the family life cycle; We have spread the periodization of E.K. Vasilyeva, which includes the following stages of the life cycle. A young family (the birth of a family) from the moment of marriage until the birth of the first child. The most important tasks to be solved at this stage:

1. Psychological adaptation of spouses to the conditions of family life and psychological characteristics of each other;

2. Mutual sexual adaptation of the spouses;

3. Acquisition of housing and joint property;

4. Formation of relationships with relatives;

5. Determination of your reproductive behavior.

This period includes 7-10 years of the family's existence.

At this stage of life, seven have certain problems: material, housing, sexual disharmony, inconsistency of reproductive attitudes, unplanned pregnancy.

With the appearance of a child in the family, the tasks change:

1. Redistribution of responsibilities due to the appearance of a child;

2. Leisure is changing, the search for new forms;

3. Building relationships with a relative on new grounds;

4. Determination of the type of child's upbringing;

5. Choosing an educational institution.

The complex process of the formation of intra-family and extra-family relations is very intense and tense.

At this stage, various problems and disruptions to the life of the family arise:

Uneven distribution of responsibilities;

Unwillingness to have a child (psychological, material), leading to a crisis;

Sexual dissatisfaction;

Change or lack of leisure time;

The contradiction between professional and parenting roles.

An indirect reflection of these difficulties is the number and causes of divorce.

The main stage of the life cycle is an established mature family, which includes minor children of primary school age and children aged 12 to 20 years.

Tasks of a mature family with children of younger school age:

Family life transformation;

Organization of the child's workplace;

Building relationships with the school;

Helping a child to master the school team;

Monitoring of educational activities.

At this stage, the family may be experiencing the following problems:

Lack of material resources;

Unreadiness of the child for school;

Conflicting relationships in the classroom or with the teacher;

Fear of influence on the child of children with deviant behavior;

Fear for the physical safety of the child;

Child free time organizations.

The tasks of a mature family with adolescent children change, because children given age strive for greater autonomy from their parents. This:

Establishing parent-child relationships based on new principles: more freedom;

Helping a teenager in self-determination of life values, profession;

Leisure organization in connection with the changed interests, needs;

Taking security measures against the negative influence of others;

Correlation of professional growth, interests with the interests of the family.

In this regard, the following problems appear in the life of the family:

Conflicts with growing up children for various reasons;

Different views on ...?

The likelihood of the teenager's involvement in a deviant company, criminal group, drug addiction;

Conflicts with the older generation;

Contradiction of professional and parental roles;

Unplanned pregnancy.

The educational function is especially significant at this stage, because the main disabilities are associated herewith educational difficulties.

Elderly family (completion of family life)

This period includes the following tasks:

Organize everyday life in a new way;

Establish and rebuild marital relations;

Adapt to physiological changes;

Master the roles of grandparents;

Adapt to a new status - a pensioner;

Summing up life results.

At this stage, the following problems are characteristic:

Personal crisis associated with termination of employment and retirement;

Conflicts with children;

Weakening of physical strength, illness;

Isolation, narrowing the circle of communication;

Dissatisfaction with life;

Experiencing the death of a marriage partner;

Uselessness.

At each stage, the family faces certain tasks, without the successful solution of which, a disorder (crisis) of family relations and divorce can occur (34, p. 408).

None of the listed stages is more critical than others (33, p. 409). MV Firsov and EG Studentov in the book "Theory of Social Work in Russia" the life scenario of marriage and family relations is presented in the following aspect. In Russia, after leaving school, children usually stay with their parents. Marriages are concluded early, amyoung people still do not have a very clear idea of ​​the material and everyday life prospects of the family. The formation of young families often takes place in the bowels of the older one. (30, p. 146).

At each stage of its development, the family experiences certain contradictions and difficulties. Tipping points are defined by the concept of "marriage crisis", most often when a family experiences life situations that can contribute to a breakup (30, p. 205),

The first marriage crisis occurs in the first months and years of marriage. The reason for the breakup may be the spouses' non-adaptation to each other, unjustified expectations. Divorce is not difficult if the family still has children.

The next crisis develops with the birth of the first child ("baby shock"), when, in fact, a real complete family is formed. At the same time, role structures change, the volume of household duties increases sharply, and their distribution has not yet occurred. This period is also characterized by a change in sexual relations, their significance and saturation, and the state of health of a young mother also changes.

The birth of subsequent children, as a rule, does not lead to a crisis situation, since certain mechanisms in the family structure have already developed and are operating, and the spouses decide to have their second child, provided that the crisis associated with the birth of the first child is resolved.

However, the emergence of new children in the family can cause a whole range of difficulties for the first child, especially the only one.

The stage of the cycle is also peculiar - a family with adolescent children, whose body is undergoing changes in the physiological and moral-psychological plan. But attention must be paid not only to the problems of children, but also to the problems of spouses, who must adequately respond to the state and behavior of children.

The period of growing up of children can be called a crisis for a family. Even if during this period the children remain in the house, then they behave in a more emancipated manner and are gradually freed from the influence and rulers. Many families survive only with the goal of raising children and putting them on their feet, although there is no longer intimacy between the spouses. At this time, when there is an activation of previously hidden relationships and the emergence of new ones, which provokes another peak in divorce, it is important to maintain close relationships with children on the basis of strengthening spiritual contacts, tolerance and compromises.

The stage of the elderly family is characterized by the increasing dependence of the family on others: illness and insufficient material support reduce the possibility of self-sufficiency, but the biggest problem of this period is the lack of communication.

Thus, the family life cycle is relatively closed: it has its beginning and end. At the same time, he is a link in the continuous process of the existence of the genus, when the life cycle of parents passes into the life cycle of children and grandchildren (33, p. 386).

Based on the psychological theory of E. Erickson and the stages of development of the family S. Rhodes, typical conflicts can be put in accordance with life and family crises (see table 1).

Thus, we can say that the family in the process of its development is going through certain stages and completion. The life cycle of an individual living in a family can be considered as a premarital state (a person lives in the family of his parents, which is also his family), marriage (creating his own family) and a post-marital state (divorce, widowhood, etc.). This pattern of development is followed by most families, although it is not the norm.

1.2 Family Law: Current State

Modern ideas about the social and legal protection of the family stem from the peculiarities of the family policy of the state and are based on theoretical ideas about the family and its interaction with the state, both legal and social aspects. In the context of the topic under consideration, the family is studied not only as a social institution, but also as an object of social and legal protection of the state. This approach involves meeting the basic needs of the family related to its material well-being, health care, education, security, etc.

Within the framework of family policy, guided by social and legal norms developed by the Russian state, the government and other state and municipal authorities, they are called upon to ensure the full functioning of the family. From this point of view, social and legal protection is a complex creative and law enforcement process, which includes not only the publication of regulatory legal acts (codes, laws, decrees, decrees, etc.), but also the implementation of the entire set of regulatory legal institutions and other political, economic, moral, and other norms and measures. Among the latter, the number of priorities includes the principles, methods, forms and methods of implementing family policy. (18, p. 59)

The foregoing determines the scientific relevance of the sociological analysis of the content of the social and legal protection of the family as a systemic formation in the unity of all its most important components. In particular, what has been said concerns modern Russia, in which civilized elements of social and legal protection of the family began to take shape only after the adoption of the new Constitution of the country (December 1993). At the same time, the scientific relevance of the study is also determined by the situation that has developed in Russia at the cutting edge, which limits the potential for social development of the family and society and is characterized as follows:

The modern family cannot cope with its traditional reproductive, socio-economic and educational functions;

The growth of social orphanhood, which imposes an additional burden on the state budget, creates conditions for the criminalization of children and adolescents;

The intensification of the degradation of the primary socialization of children, which lays the foundation for future dependency and deviant behavior of a significant number of people;

The predominance of the patriarchal - paternalistic position of the state in relation to the family, which does not correspond to the current socio-economic situation;

Lack of constant sociological and social support for reforming family and social policy;

Orientation of the family policy of the state only on the protection of anomalous and marginal families;

The imperfection of the regulatory framework for social protection of the family and, in particular, the extreme ineffectiveness of the practice of execution (enforcement) of the issued regulatory legal acts.

The foregoing provides a basis for emphasizing the provision according to which effective use the current legislation and its adequate implementation, including the development of new directions in the field of social and legal protection of the family, is intended to improve the social and legal protection of the family and, in general, the social situation of Russian families. The latter necessitates a scientific search for ways and effective measures to strengthen social and legal protection of the family and to strengthen the institution of the family in Russia. Indicators of the effectiveness of such measures in the future, as evidenced by world practice, are an increase in the birth rate to a simple replacement of generations and further stabilization of this process, as well as a significant decrease in the number of abortions. decrease in divorces and the proportion of single-parent families (14, p. 197).

The foregoing clearly confirms the scientific relevance and practical importance of the sociological development of the problems of theory and practice of social and legal protection of the family in modern Russia.

At the end of the 20th century, there was a tendency to expand the framework of the demographic approach to family-oriented research. In the Soviet period, A.G. Kharchev, M.S. Matskovsky and others were actively involved in these problems, who focused on social and demographic aspects. In addition to the demographic approach to the study of family and marriage relations, other concepts began to develop, presenting new views on this problem. In particular, great attention began to be paid to the interaction of the family and the individual, spouses, parents and children, brothers and sisters, as well as the interaction of the family with society, social institutions and informal formations.

Interesting sociological directions include the study of the processes of family and marriage relations, presented in the works of M.G. Pankratov, N.G. Aristova, T.A. Gurko, Z.M. Aligadzhieva and others.

According to the named scientists, one of the instruments of influence on the family is the family policy of the authorities. A similar point of view was also expressed by GA Zaikina, in whose works one can trace an interest in the analysis of intra-family relations, the problems of fertility and raising children, as well as the "women's issue". A change in scientific views in this area occurred at the beginning of the 90s.

XX century and was associated with the fact that the state began to implement family policy, which led to a more active sociological study of the family: as a social institution and a small social group.

It should be noted that the influence of such a mechanism of state regulation as social and legal protection on family values, on the full functioning of the family as a social institution within the framework of the family policy of the state is still insufficiently studied in Russian sociological science, which determines the undoubted scientific relevance and practical significance of sociological analysis of the social and legal protection of the family. in modern Russian society, especially in the context of the implementation of Federal Law No. 122 on the replacement of benefits in kind by monetization in January 2005, the negative social consequences of which are obvious today.

Interest in the study of the institution of the family is not waning, but on the contrary, it is growing today. An extensive literature is devoted to the problem of the emergence, development and assistance of families. The economic and political transformations to which Russian society has been undergoing over the past fifteen years, undoubtedly, have a significant impact on the life of the family. Many Russian families found themselves on the brink of survival, in the literal sense of the word. Changes in the country primarily affect the life of the family and the formation of the younger generation. Problems of this magnitude can only be solved by the state. Family members need legal, psychological and economic support. This protection and guardianship is carried out by the state.

The family is a certain refuge and guardian of the private form of the human way of life. The family gives a person life, upbringing, primary socialization and everything without which a person cannot fully live and exist. The family is especially important for a person during periods when society is going through a period of instability. But in the context of global processes taking place in the world, the institution of the family cannot always quickly and correctly adapt to changing conditions. In this case, the state is called upon to take care of the family. But how conscientiously the state ensures the protection of the family can only be established by assessing the social and legal protection of the family, carried out within the framework of the state family policy.

1.3 Actual problems of family relations

A wedding takes place, everyday life begins, and then it turns out that people who are completely unfamiliar to each other have united their destinies. What is the fate of such a marriage? In order to answer this question, a more correct question to begin with is another question: is it possible to predict the fate of the families of today's newlyweds? An analysis of the work carried out in the field of marriage and family by famous scientists-sociologists and psychologists allows a positive answer to this question. For this purpose, a number of studies have been devoted to the problem of family well-being, the authors of which, in their own way, define the phenomena that affect the well-being of the family, marriage, and its harmony. The essence of some of them will be given below.

Scientists N.E. Korotkov, S.I. Kordon, I.A. Rogova believe that the basis of the strength of family ties is the compatibility of spouses, and the compatibility is social and psychological (12, p. 44).

The authors define social compatibility as the similarity between husband and wife, the sameness of their main reference points and values. There are many aspects in everyone's life - work, leisure, raising children, art, books, material comfort, friends, health concerns, etc. For different people, these aspects of life are of different importance. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly define the extent to which the vital interests of a husband and wife coincide. A significant difference, the authors argue, increases the risk of marriage. Psychological compatibility is an even more complex and less understandable thing. It consists in the dissimilarity of husband and wife.

Psychologists have established that, as a rule, dialectics is at work here - the opposite tends to the opposite. A person seeks to get closer to people who have just the same qualities that he lacks: indecisive, timid, hesitant sympathizes with the courageous, decisive; a hot-tempered, expansive person converges with a calm, even phlegmatic.

The functioning of the family consists of a number of functioning spheres of the family's life.

Karel Vitek described a number of significant factors based on the results of his own research, which must be taken into account when getting married, and subsequently having an unconditional effect on the success or failure of the functioning of the family (4, p. 114).

How the fate of the future family will develop, whether it will be an example of well-being or, on the contrary, will face problems and difficulties that will lead it to disintegration - this, according to K. Vitek, largely depends on the atmosphere where the future spouses grew up. Here, first of all, two points are important: the personal example of the parents and the quality of the educational impact on children. The data of sociological research show that the divorce of parents three times increases the likelihood of future divorce in children, while the probability of divorce of children whose parents have not divorced is one in twenty (4, p. 148).

Marriage is certainly influenced by many factors. It is also indisputable that children perceive from their parents not only subconscious reactions, various positive or negative habits, but also existing traits, models of marital relations from their parents. showed that the overwhelming majority of those who assessed their marriage as “ideal” (83.5%) also assessed the marriage of their parents. Those who had difficulties in family life considered their parents' marriage “relatively good” in 69.1% of cases (5, p. 48).

The same connection was found in conflict situations. The more conflicts there were in parental families, the more often they arose in the families of children. Of those whose parents were in a satisfactory relationship, 48.1% faced conflicts in their family life. The majority (77.1%) of men and women who grew up in families where quarrels of parents were a typical occurrence, in turn, experienced conflicts in their family life.

Based on the data of these studies, M.I.Buyanov formulated the following conclusions:

1. The nature of the relationship between spouses largely corresponds to the nature of the relationship between their parents.

2. In cases where conflicts between parents crossed any boundaries, resulting in various manifestations of mutual hostility, but it did not come to divorce, children often perceived such relationships as an anti-model of a normal family and, entering into marriage, built their spousal relations in a completely different way.

3. If the conflict between the parents reaches an extreme degree and becomes unbearable for both parties, then divorce is more in the interests of the children than the future life of the parents.

The harmony of the parents' family life has other consequences for the future family life of the children. For example, Karl Vitek found that persons who positively assessed the marriage of their parents showed a greater ability to build relationships in their family on the basis of sensitivity, reasonable consent and nobility. 42.8% of respondents from families where there was a good relationship between parents. , showed complete understanding in matters of housekeeping, while those whose parents divorced showed such a quality in 28.3% of cases. Out of 508 respondents whose parents lived well, 77.8% like to spend free time with their husband (wife), which is evidence of marital harmony. Of 326 people in whose parental families there were frequent conflicts, only 63.2% said that they enjoy spending their free time with their marriage partner (4, p. 49). Parents, whose marriage has developed well, provide children with the most vivid and convincing example of how to arrange living together husband and wife. They complement each other and thus ensure the success of parenting. Well-coordinated actions of parents are the most important prerequisite for successful personality formation.

K. Vitek devoted several studies to the importance of the personal example of parents for the future family life of children. For example, in a group of 39 “ideal” married couples, the majority answered that their parents served as an example of married life (69.2%). In a group of 149 married couples, in whose relationship certain difficulties were observed, a positive example of parents was noted less often - 58.3% of the respondents.

In another study, the results of a survey of 590 people were as follows (%):

Both parents were example - 60.0

Parents have not always been an example - 31.1

An example was only a mother - 6.0 - an example was only a father - 1.2

Didn't grow up in a family - 1.7

As can be seen from these data, the example of parents is most positively evaluated. And yet, a considerable part of the respondents did not have a constant positive example of both parents in childhood, which in general negatively affected their preparedness for family life.

When analyzing the nature of the educational influence of parents on children, the following picture was obtained (a group of 594 people was studied,%):

Inconsistent parenting - 29.7

Overly liberal education - 1.5

And here, along with purposeful upbringing on the part of parents, it is not uncommon for the respondents to assess negatively the upbringing influence of parents, linking this with the shortcomings of their family life.

The data obtained lead to the conclusion that the nature of upbringing in the parental family largely determines the appearance of the future family of children. The most beneficial in this regard is reasonable upbringing, which includes the necessary exactingness, warm attitude from parents, sharing free time, democracy.

An analysis of the causes of divorce has shown that failure in marriage is largely predetermined by mistakes in choosing a partner, that is, the chosen one either does not have the necessary personality traits, or the totality of his psychophysiological characteristics, views and interests does not correspond to the ideas and needs of the elector. The author notes that disappointment in marriage can occur regardless of the fact that the partner has many of the most positive qualities. It is important that the husband and wife "fit" each other for biological and moral factors, including various aspects of upbringing, political, cultural, religious views, or that partners are tolerant of each other's peculiarities.

To reduce the level of divorce, a lot of educational and educational work is required. In this connection, the task of generalization and theoretical understanding of empirical data in the field of marriage and family relations arises. Considering the prerequisites for future consent, the author highlighted the following points (4, p. 55):

The presence in the relationship of a man and a woman of primary attraction and biological compatibility.

We are talking about an indefinable internal sympathy, which can be based on such clear reasons as admiration for a talent, success achieved, social status, or an external aesthetic ideal. However, the occurrence of sympathy or antipathy is often very difficult to explain. A marriage without spontaneous attraction in most cases does not guarantee a successful marriage. However, the presence of sexual harmony is still not enough for full-fledged marital happiness, since there are many other objective psychophysiological, moral, social differences and needs.

In connection with the problem of biological harmony, a fundamental moral question arises - are premarital sexual contacts justified during the search for a partner? The old church education resolved this issue with dogmatic uncompromising attitude. Sexual contact was allowed only in marriage and only for the purpose of conceiving a child. At present, views in this area have undergone significant changes. However, the frequent change of partners is quite justifiably condemned by public opinion.

A harmonious marriage presupposes the social maturity of the spouses, readiness for active participation in the life of society, the ability to financially support their family. Also very important are such qualities as a sense of duty and responsibility for the family, self-control and flexibility. The intellectual level and character of partners should not be overly different (4, p. 57).

The author conducted a study in a group of 476 married men and married women. They were asked the question what qualities of a partner they valued most before marriage and after a certain period of married life (about 15 years). The most successful marriage was found in persons who appreciated reliability, loyalty, love for the family and a strong character in their partner. In the group of happy marriages, there were few who preferred the appearance of their partner. The outward attractiveness, appreciated by young people, recedes into the background in older spouses, the main qualities are love for the family and the ability to manage the house.

On some points, the views of men and women coincided. For example, in the fact that moral and intellectual qualities are more important than external appearance. Men, however, valued women somewhat more for their appearance and their love for family. Women attached more importance to the delicacy and poise of men, and, on the contrary, put their appearance in one of the last places. They rejected the rudeness of men, as well as their indecision and cowardice.

Analysis of the data obtained allowed us to determine that spouses living in an “ideal marriage” most often have such personality traits as restraint, hard work, caring, dedication, flexibility. They also tend to spend free time together. At the same time, in marriages of emotionally disordered spouses, there is a deficit of these qualities.

Based on this, the conclusions were formulated that, firstly, before marriage, partners should pay attention to each other's presence of such traits as self-control, hard work, caring, desire to spend free time together, breadth of nature, accuracy, delicacy, punctuality, dedication , flexibility. Secondly, effective work on the prevention of divorce presupposes the consistent formation of positive character traits necessary for future family life, already from childhood. Parents should understand that long before marriage, by their upbringing, they predetermine what the future marriage will be like. This is why preparing parents for parenting needs to be an integral part of divorce prevention.

As already mentioned, it is very important to know what the marital relations of the parents of the chosen one were like, what was the family structure, what was the material level of the family, what negative phenomena are observed in the family and in the character of the parents. Even a minimal family trauma often leaves a deep mark on the child's soul and negatively affects his views, positions and subsequent behavior (8, p. 59).

Deep conflicts are inevitable where the partners are diametrically different in their worldview, in political or religious positions, in their views on raising children, observing hygiene rules, on issues such as marital fidelity. It is well known how badly alcoholism, drug addiction, and sometimes smoking abuse has a bad effect on marriage.

The education of spouses, of course, raises the cultural and material level of the family and serves as a prerequisite for a higher level of education for children. However, the author believes that there is no reason to believe that higher education is a guarantee of marital happiness and the stability of marriage, which, in our opinion, must be accepted.

First, such spouses are often critical of their marriage and sometimes try to solve what they are not happy with through divorce. Secondly, universities do not pay special attention to the marriage education of young people, therefore, people with higher education are no different in this area from their peers.

Research evidence suggests that the well-being of a marriage is influenced by the labor stability of the spouse. Almost every fifth marriage of the respondents who changed their profession was somehow disorganized. Among the rest, discord was observed in about one in ten marriages. Obviously, by nature, people who often change jobs are characterized by instability, excessive dissatisfaction, and inability to establish normal relations with people. These qualities are manifested both at work and in the family.

Even fewer lasting marriages were observed in the group of people who intended to quit their jobs during the study period - in this group of respondents, one in four was not satisfied with their marriage. This is another confirmation that a harmonious married life and family life is one of the important labor stabilizers (10, p. 60).

The age for marriage is determined by the general maturity of the partners, as well as preparedness for marital and parenting responsibilities. If we agree with the prevailing opinion that maturity is reached only in the third decade of a person's life, then men and women who are at least 20 years old should marry. The average marriageable age is considered to be 20-24 years. This is, apparently, the most optimal age. Marriages of younger partners, precisely because of immaturity, unpreparedness and inexperience, are more often at risk of divorce.

As for the duration of acquaintance before marriage, it is very important that during this period the partners get to know each other well, not only in optimally good living conditions, but also in difficult situations when personal qualities are especially pronounced and weaknesses of character are revealed. According to our data, most young people get married after 1-2 years of dating. This period is usually enough to get to know each other. And six or even more than three months is not enough for this.

Thus, the analysis of happy and unhappy marriages made it possible to identify some factors that play an important role in marriage, which must be taken into account already at the stage of choosing a partner.

As you know, marital harmony or disharmony is the result of the interaction of many factors, which are difficult to list in order of their importance. However, some of them are still valid and can be traced in all marriages. If this or that factor is regularly detected in unsuccessful marriages, then recognition of it already at the stage of choosing a partner can serve as a signal of future complications in married life.

People who are responsible in the performance of their official duties find it easier to achieve harmony in married life. For example, among the polled workers and employees who have a positive attitude to work, 88.6% considered their marriage "ideal" or "generally good." And vice versa, among the workers who do not hide their negative attitude to their official duties, less than half called their marriage harmonious - 49.1% (13, p. 67)

Probably, the one who is better aware of his capabilities and knows how to make the right choice is more successful both at work and in his personal life. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that an interesting job, satisfaction with it has a positive effect on married life and, conversely, a good home atmosphere has a positive effect on the ability to work and job satisfaction.

People who observe the principle of marital fidelity live in a harmonious marriage much more often than those who violate this principle. According to research data, in the first group of respondents, successful marriages accounted for 89%, and disordered ones - 4%. In the second group, these indicators were respectively - 72 and 11%.

Optimal marital balance is difficult to achieve with 2 extreme types of reaction: fast and overly emotional, on the one hand, and slow, inhibited, on the other.

Research data show that the best relationships were found among people who were able to solve all sorts of problems calmly and deliberately - 88.7% of harmonious marriages. A favorable situation was also observed among those who, in their opinion, “cannot be pissed off” - 81 , 1% of harmonious marriages.

One of the most destabilizing elements in marriage is the tendency to conflict. Quarrels between spouses have a negative effect on the entire atmosphere in the home. For example, in a group of 136 people who said that they do not have domestic fights, the share of emotionally broken marriages is 6.7%.

The general culture of a person implies interests that go beyond the scope of official duties. These interests enrich a person, broaden his horizons, and have a beneficial effect on his ability to create good marital relations. As the answers of 1663 respondents showed, people interested in literature, theater, cinema, fine arts are happier in marriage than those who have no such interests - respectively 86.8 and 75.4% of harmonious marriages (13, p. 69 ).

As you know, alcoholism has an extremely unfavorable effect primarily on family relationships. Studies have shown that (2452 people were interviewed) among those living in "ideal marriage", there were 80.3% of those who do not drink alcohol or drink rarely. In a generally good marriage, the proportion of these persons was 68.6%.

It is known that the state of health is determined not only genetically, it largely depends on the lifestyle, especially on physical conditioning and the absence of harmful habits. Research confirms that exercise has a positive effect both in sex life and in marriage in general.

Among people involved in sports, the majority called their marriage "generally good", and 29% - "perfect".

Several studies have been carried out to study the state of marital relations in certain age periods. The obtained data allow us to draw the following conclusions. There are many ideal marriages among the youngest and the oldest. The factor of strong emotional attachment prevails among the young, while among the elderly there is a habit of each other, the experience of living together, which taught them to appreciate the advantages of a good married and family life.

The most unstable are marriages of middle age (from 31 to 40 years). At the same time, as a rule, all sorts of family and educational problems are especially aggravated, and marital relations become commonplace, and not everyone is able to cope with this. The high level of divorces, the rather frequent violation of marital fidelity in the youngest families testifies to the thoughtlessness of marriage, insufficient preparation of young people to choose a partner.

Studies have shown that the most happy marriages- those in which love and devotion to each other prevail In a group where decisive factor marriage was love, the share of happy marriages was 92.1%, among those whose marriage was based on devotion to each other - 91.5%, in marriages for the sake of children - 75.3%, where sexual harmony plays the main role, happy marriages accounted for 74.3% (15, p. 72).

Satisfaction with married life to a certain extent depends on the spouses' daily routine, on the division of their duties, on the amount of personal and free time.

Satisfaction with family life also largely depends on satisfaction with the sexual relationship of spouses. The reason for dissatisfaction with sex life can be, in particular, a mistake in choosing a partner, which manifests itself in a different level of sexual needs of spouses. In addition, their lack of training, insufficient culture in the field of sexual and psychological relations may affect.

Intimate dissatisfaction is common in modern marriages. Of the 476 married men and women surveyed, 50.6% noted that sexual contacts do not bring them complete satisfaction. Moreover, women complained about the purely physiological approach of husbands to intimate contacts, about the everyday life of relationships, and their desire to enrich these relationships.

41.1% of men recognized their intimate relationship with their wife as harmonious. 42.2% said that their wives do not always show readiness for intimacy, 6.8% noted the indifference of their wives.

Some men - 8.5% said that their wives, although they do not refuse intimacy, themselves do not strive for sexual satisfaction (5, p. 76).

Undoubtedly, K. Vitek has formulated and described in detail and in detail the areas of family life that influence the harmony of family relations.

Continuing this idea, M.S. Matskovsky and T.A. Gurko developed a conceptual model of factors influencing the success of the functioning of a young family, which more clearly and deeply considers all aspects that influence the life of the family - its well-being or ill-being (18, p. 76).

Thus, there are currently a number of acute problems in marital relations, such as:

Social and psychological incompatibility;

High level of conflict between spouses;

Mistakes in choosing a partner due to different views on life, lack of social maturity;

Alcoholism, drug addiction and other harmful habits;

Labor instability of partners;

Adultery, sexual disharmony.

Chapter 2. Measures for social support of family and marriage relations

2.1 Formation of family-oriented social programs

The social protection of the family turned out to be one of the weakest links in our perestroika. The destructive processes in the conditions of the transition period did not bypass the sphere of social guarantees, in particular, for the arrangement of childhood and family. Former forms, benchmarks and values ​​are actually dying out, and the new system of insurance of those in need and assistance to them, maintenance of social infrastructure is in the process of formation.

As for other indicators characterizing the living conditions of a family with children, such as employment and job satisfaction, self-confidence and social activity, availability of affordable preschool institutions and recreational facilities, treatment with children, the state of the surrounding environment, street safety, for the overwhelming majority they worsened.

The movement to the market, the restructuring of industrial, social relations, property relations require not easy additional measures to compensate for certain problems in the previous social policy, but the creation of a comprehensive social security system for families with children with clear guidelines and objectives for the long term, as well as reasonable measures corresponding to changing conditions and the existing differences in the socio-economic development of the regions. The formation of such a system is associated with a revision of the foundations of social policy and, first of all, with the redistribution of functions between the main participants in the social partnership for arranging childhood: family, state, public and private structures.

Depending on socio-economic conditions, cultural and historical characteristics and political culture in different countries at different stages of state development, sharing with the family responsibility for the younger generation, takes on those or other functions. If we turn to the models of the Chicago school, which consider the child from the point of view of the neoclassical theory of consumption, as an object for investment over a long period of time, then the "costs" on children can be divided into direct (costs directly related to the child's life: food, clothing, leisure, education, rest, medical services) and indirect (income from which parents are forced to give up, devoting part of their time exclusively to raising children).

Theoretically, children can be associated not only with costs, but also with the possible income of parents in the future, but this is not typical for developed countries.

The state possesses effective tools to reduce both direct and indirect costs for children, and this function should be considered as socially necessary, if only because the future provision of today's workers and families depends on the younger generation. This economic side of state aid to families with dependent children is characterized by various forms of assistance - cash benefits, financing of medical services, education, as well as measures that compensate for the indirect costs associated with interrupting professional activities in favor of raising children (expanding affordable preschool institutions, creating opportunities for part-time and flexible employment ...

The presence of a system of social support for the family is typical for almost all countries with market economies. The experience of foreign countries testifies to the advisability of combining the responsibility of society and the family for the younger generation, strengthening the social status of the family. Along with the creation of conditions for self-sufficiency and the formation of a system of state support for the family, the participation of private business in the development of family-oriented social infrastructure through the implementation of various programs at the enterprise level is gaining increasing importance (16, p. 37).

However, not all overseas social security models are suitable for us. So, taking into account the economic difficulties of the transition to the market period, the tension of the state budget, we can perceive the Swedish model, in accordance with which the main criterion for the provision of various kinds of benefits and high-quality social services is citizenship, as the ideal of the distant future.

In many respects, we are closer to the American experience of building assistance programs on the basis of the principle of wantability and implementing them with the interaction and separation of functions of all levels of government (federal, state, local).

Social programs in the United States are funded and administered by federal, state, and local governments, and the main support program for dependent families (cash transfers) is run by three tiers of government: the bulk of the funding is provided by the federal government, and state and local governments act as providers of this care to recipients. The health care program is subsidized in part at the federal level. The states are responsible for the sickness, pregnancy insurance program, and the education assistance program - in the jurisdiction of the local authorities.

The effectiveness of assistance programs, especially at the initial stages, largely depends on a clear definition of priorities, criteria for the provision of benefits, the composition of potential recipients, as well as a reasonable distribution of the roles of all levels of government.

In addition to those listed, dozens of permanent programs of targeted assistance to families, refugees, and schoolchildren operate in the United States, which are supplemented by temporary programs, for example, such as emergency food aid.

The share of the federal government in funding programs to help families with dependent children of medical care is determined depending on the ratio between the average income per capita in the state and the average per capita income for the country and ranges from 50 to 80%.

There are legislative restrictions according to which this share cannot be higher than 83% or less than 50%.

Almost all programs are based on a need principle. For example, cash assistance under the program for a family with dependent children can be received only by those families whose income does not exceed the poverty level established in a particular state (the average for states is about 70% of the federal poverty level). State governments under this program can provide benefits to single-parent low-income families. In order to stimulate the self-sufficiency of recipients, since 1990, another condition for receiving cash assistance was introduced - all able-bodied recipients of benefits must enroll in retraining or training courses and look for work. When calculating the subsistence minimum, part of the income received as a result of employment is not taken into account for the first time months.

Federal Medical Assistance (Medicaid) subsidies are provided to states as a special grant, and state governments must meet specific conditions, in particular, assistance can be provided only to groups approved at the federal level, with a certain set of medical services. Federally approved beneficiaries include dependent families with children, children under one year of age, and pregnant women with household income below 100% of the poverty threshold, and some others. , services of doctors, nannies and nurses, medical services on the frame, services during childbirth.

Medicaid also provides assistance to middle-income families who cannot afford to pay for health care if they need to use it frequently. The composition of this recipient group is determined at the state level and financed from the state budget.

An important stage in the development of the system of assistance to families in need was the adoption in 1988 of the "Family Support Law". Specific measures in this law include an increase in Medicaid benefits for people earning supplementary income; compulsory provision of assistance to complete families if the head of the family becomes unemployed; increasing the responsibility of fathers who do not pay alimony up to their automatic recovery from wages, etc.

The experience of the development of the social sphere, assistance programs in countries with market economies testifies to the necessity and expediency of the formation of multilateral responsibility of the state for the social security of the family. Family-oriented, enterprise-level social development programs, involving both workers and their families, can be a highly effective means of protecting large portions of the family from sliding down the socioeconomic ladder and joining the ranks of those in need.

A feature of modern social programs at the enterprise level is the possibility of their free choice, when an employee is presented with the right to receive benefits in the form of social services or a cash equivalent. This can be additional insurance, preferential purchase of shares, medical services, etc.

A special place in the system of social services organized at the place of work is occupied by the provision of preschool institutions. Among more than ten thousand companies surveyed by the ministries of labor, two out of every three provided various kinds of assistance for raising children, both direct (organization of childcare programs, partial financing of preschool services, payment for medical services, etc.), and indirect (the possibility of working on flexible hours, at home, part-time, etc.).

Depending on the type of benefits or assistance to employees with young children, these companies were distributed as follows:

The right to freely choose the beginning and end of the working day -43%;

Flexible working hours - 42.9%;

Part-time employment - 34.8%;

Work "in half" (dividing one rate by two) - 15.5%;

Working from home - 8.3%;

Information and other services in the search for children's institutions -5.1%;

Help in paying for care services with injuries - 3.1%.

Approximately 2.1% of firms have set up childcare centers for their employees (with partial or full payment). A number of firms provide leave for parents of young children, additional leave, leave without pay for childcare (lasting up to one year) with a guarantee of retention of the previous position , one-time allowance, etc. Some companies are joining forces to organize children's centers, where children can be not only during the day, but also in the evening, at night, as well as on weekends and holidays.

Many company-run childcare centers operate 24 hours a day to provide additional convenience for parents who work evening and night shifts. The costs of maintaining such centers are usually shared by employers and workers. The contributions paid by parents depend on the age of the child, the provision of food, and the time spent in the center.

More and more companies are realizing that caring for working women with children is not only a humane gesture, but also a manifestation of concern for the future of the nation. In conditions when women are all actively involved in social production, it is necessary to create optimal working conditions for them so that mothers work efficiently and thoughts about the arrangement of children do not distract them from the labor process.

The areas in which assistance is provided for working women with children are very diverse and often mothers have the opportunity to choose one or another type of benefits themselves. The size of the subsidy to workers in large corporations usually allows them to pay for the care of the child.

The experience of supporting families with children in Russia shows the feasibility of creating a family service information system at the regional level with the participation of enterprises and associations of various types and forms of ownership.

The main tasks of the service:

Identification of families with children in need of material, medical, socio-psychological and other assistance;

Providing support in resolving emerging difficulties (drawing up applications for assistance, assistance in finding a job and achieving economic independence);

Study of the reasons that forced the recipient to seek help, and their elimination, preventive measures;

Conducting legal consultations, psychological, pedagogical consultations, as well as consultations on entrepreneurial activities (family and individual)

Organization and coordination of the work of social rehabilitation of people in need;

Study of the social demographic, educational, migration structure of the population, employment and dynamics of family income in order to prevent and, if possible, eliminate, mitigate the emerging causes of possible conflicts and tension in the life of the family and the arrangement of children.

The accumulation of such data will help the organization to effective work social services, as well as conducting research to assess the quality of activities and predict the structural demand for different types help.

Reanimation of the social activity of the private sector, public associations, as well as the responsibility of each able-bodied citizen for the material support of his own and his children is of particular importance for Russia in transition. This is due both to the limited funds for social needs, and to the need to overcome the population's belief in the exclusive social responsibility of the state, in its duty and ability to provide social guarantees... At the same time, the development of countries with market economies indicates that the social deficit is no less dangerous than the budget deficit, and in the deteriorating situation of a significant part of Russian families, in fact, there is a delayed-action explosive device, the mechanism of which will certainly work in the economic, social, and criminogenic areas.

Taking into account the specified specifics of the current moment, it is necessary to focus government efforts on solving the most acute problems of childhood while simultaneously developing the foundations of a system of social security for families with dependent children as an integral part of political, economic, and social transformations in Russia in conjunction with the social needs of not only today, but also tomorrow.

The top priority tasks should include overcoming the equalization of all-encompassing state benefits and the transition to a clear classification of categories of recipients - according to the degree of need, and assistance programs - according to their functional purpose, form of provision (monetary, in-kind), and the period of receipt. At the same time, families in need with children may be given the right to choose the type of benefit. Depending on the age and health of children, parents, and the latter's employment in social production, recipients can decide for themselves what is most important for them at this stage: medical services and medicines, allowances for paying for a preschool child care institution or educational courses, help in paying for housing, electricity, or purchasing a voucher for a child. health camp, etc.

Along with unified federal standards of assistance to needy families with children and the gradual increase of the minimum allowance to the level of guaranteed income below the subsistence level, there should be a kind of balance of participation in social programs of republican and municipal bodies. Depending on the characteristics of a particular region, funding for individual programs can be opened (3, p. 216).

The ongoing transition from a categorical form of providing social services to a family to a targeted one has led to the emergence and accelerated development of fundamentally new types of institutions.

The basic institution in this system is the center for social assistance to families and children, which is able to provide multidisciplinary comprehensive services in all areas of social work in solving problems of self-sufficiency, in overcoming difficult situations with the support of the own forces of each family, for each person, as well as the accumulation of extremely necessary and important social information, facilitating the adoption of management decisions.

Of course, all this is possible only if these centers exist in every small settlement, in every microdistrict. One or two centers on the regional (regional) city does not solve the problem, because work with each family, social patronage of families in these conditions is simply impossible. To create such a center in every microdistrict today is an unrealistic task, but it is necessary to set this task in the future and to solve it in a planned manner (23, p. 133).

In many social service centers (where previously only the elderly and disabled were provided services), family departments are opening. This is a natural process that has its own logic. At work with a family, it cannot be limited to the presence of one department. Either there should be a full range of branches provided for in "family" centers, or such centers should be independent.

The slow development of psychological services, especially centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to families and all categories of the population, cannot but cause concern. It seems that along with the underestimation of their positive potential, there are other reasons. In some places, in the localities, the broad focus and multidimensionality of psychological assistance is understood narrowly, as a result, the matter is limited to the opening of "telephone trust", which cannot always be called centers of emergency psychological assistance by telephone, since they work only a few hours a day and sometimes not every day.

Meanwhile, full-fledged psychological assistance, consultative, diagnostic, coordination, which is so necessary at present to strengthen the psychological level of the population and family, presupposes the presence of not only "hotlines", but also individual and group consultations, self-help groups, etc.

The centers of psychological and pedagogical assistance that exist in a number of territories and are under the jurisdiction of public education bodies in some cases solve local problems, in others they actually play a broader social role and it is more fitting for them to be under the jurisdiction of social protection bodies.

In any case, it is necessary to combine the possibilities of psychological services to meet the needs of the population in this kind of services.

Thus, in recent years, measures of social support and protection of families, women, children have been taken, including in the field of improving legislation on the protection of social rights, the implementation of the established guarantees of support, new methods of social support have been developed, and the range of social services provided will expand.

However, the new system of social guarantees and mechanisms for their implementation have not been fully formed and do not provide sufficient protection in situations of social risk. Efforts are mainly aimed at supporting families who have already found themselves in difficult life situations; measures to prevent social risks are underdeveloped.

It is necessary to implement the developed state social policy in relation to families, women and children.

2.2 Method "RREPARE "in the study of matrimonial relations

The growth in the number of divorces among young married couples, which began in recent decades in our country, has led to the interest of scientists in this stage of family formation.

Domestic scientists T.A. Gurko and I.V. Ignatova analyzed the premarital behavior and characteristics of those entering into marriage, including from the point of view of the successful functioning of a young family. As variables, the predominantly social and demographic characteristics of the bride and groom, their role expectations, the attitude of the closest social environment to marriage, and awareness of certain aspects of family life were considered. These variables were assessed as “risk factors” by comparing the same variables in divorcing or unhappy families.

The work of these authors analyzes the results of a study of 871 couples getting married. The methodology was developed at the University of Minnesota by D. Olson, D. Fornier and J. Druckman, funding for the study was carried out by the Center for Human Values ​​under the leadership of M.S. Matskovsky.

Couples applying for marriage registration were interviewed, provided that at least one of the partners married for the first time, and the other did not have children from a previous marriage.

The sample included: 32% of grooms and 37% of brides - students, 88 and 91% - married for the first time, 62 and 67% - Orthodox, 85 and 90% were Russians, Belarusians and Ukrainians, 19 and 47% did not reach the age of 21 the rest were between the ages of 21 and 29.

The "Premarital Trait and Relationship Assessment" methodology used summarizes the results of many studies carried out in the United States. It is based on the work of Rappoport, Rauch and Dyuval, devoted to the analysis of problems that young spouses must solve in order to achieve harmonious relationship, and socio-psychological factors influencing the creation of a stable young family (24, p. 38).

The PRERARE technique is used both as a diagnostic one in the practice of premarital counseling and as a research tool. In the first case, its application in many Western countries has shown high efficiency in comparison with other forms of preparation for marriage, such as state educational and lecture courses, conversations, referring to literature on self-education, psychological training groups, programs for improving interpersonal relations and other directions of premarital counseling.

The technique was tested by its creators on a sample of 17025 couples for reliability and validity. In addition, two longitudinal studies were conducted in 164 and 179 couples three years after marriage to determine the predictive validity of the method.

Discriminant analysis revealed that the method predicts divorce, separation or unsuccessful marriage with an accuracy of up to 80-90%. Moreover, the most predictive were the spheres that were already involved in premarital relationships, and the least predictable were finance and parenting roles.

Processing the results of a survey of a couple involves three main directions:

The scale of positive consent in each of the areas shows whether both partners are satisfied with the relationship in this area or whether they are focused on such a model of relationships in a future marriage, which, according to the researchers, is optimal in terms of marital happiness (for example, the groom, like the bride, considers that he will have to take an active part in housework and child-rearing);

An individual scale reveals the opinions of each of the partners in the analyzed area, taking into account two circumstances. First, his / her answers on a special scale, which can be conventionally called "rose-colored glasses".

This scale assesses the tendency of respondents to overly romanticize or exaggerate the merits of their relationship with their partner. Secondly, the standard for each area is taken into account. These so-called cultural norms are usually country specific. In Russia, they can be calculated after a large-scale, and therefore expensive, research;

Special scales summarize individual responses to questions from different areas. They are used as auxiliary in the counseling process and include such features of the groom or the bride as, for example, traditionality - liberality, dominance - subordination, presence or absence of external or internal emotional support, indecision, etc.

Since data processing on an individual scale is currently impossible, the article describes only the results of data processing in the first direction, i.e. on a scale of positive agreement in a pair for each block.

The authors of the methodology analyze 5 distances on this scale: the coincidence of less than 3 positive answers (out of 10 possible) - this is the sphere of relations is weak and needs to be discussed and agreed upon; coincidence of 3 or 4 answers is probably a weak point; coincidence of 5 answers is both a strong and a weak side of the relationship; coincidence of 6 and 7 answers is probably a strong point; a match of 8 or more is a strong point.

To describe the results, we will use the aggregate indicator of the “strong or likely strong” side of the relationship (ie the proportion of couples who scored more than 50 points) in each of the areas under consideration. In addition, we will use the linear distributions of the answers to the test questions, considering them as independent indicators.

It should be noted that, on the whole, no significant differences were found between the responses of brides and grooms, even in questions that relate to women's choice between family and work and which are usually presented as a sphere of gender-role conflicts. At the same time, more significant differences in the views of the bride and groom were found in specific pairs. That is, the potentially possible symmetric distribution of marriage partners does not find its embodiment in reality.

Probably, not all young people choose as a spouse the person most suitable in terms of their psychological characteristics and life attitudes to create a stable and successful family.

Realism expectations. Only 0.6% of the surveyed couples have this side of their relationship strong, and 1.4% have both strong and weak. This means that the vast majority of couples are too romantic and idealistic about the future of their marriage. Thus, 41% of grooms and 38% of brides believe that after the wedding it will be easier for them to change what they do not like in their partner, and 32 and 34%, respectively, found it difficult to answer this question. In addition, 35% of grooms and brides think that most of the difficulties they face are kind, will disappear immediately after the wedding (31 and 37% were unable to answer this question).

Certainly, some romanticization of relationships before marriage is normal. However, when excessively high expectations are subsequently confronted with the reality of marriage, disappointment often sets in - for some in marriage, as such, in others the inevitable difficulties of the first years of life are transferred to the personality of the spouse, who is the culprit.

Spousal roles... The gravitation of Russians towards an asymmetrical distribution of roles that has developed in our culture, on the one hand, and the stormy spread among young people, mainly of indigenous townspeople, of Western influences about the need for partnerships between spouses, on the other hand, generate a noticeable dissonance in marital expectations. This fact has already been attested in a number of previously conducted studies in the early 90s (9, p. 46). Since then, the situation has changed little. According to the data obtained, only 20% of couples have role expectations that coincide and are a strong point of their relationship, and in 2% these preferences are egalitarian, and in 18% they are traditional. their role. As for the divergence of ideas about marital roles, in a number of studies conducted in our country, it was found that it negatively affects the satisfaction with the family life of both spouses (9, p. 52).

Financial sector only 4% of the respondents have a strong side of the relationship, while 88% of couples have significant problems in their future marriage. They can be caused both by the unresolved housing issue and uncertainty about future material stability, and by the divergence of expectations of the bride and groom regarding the methods of receiving and distributing money, including those related to parents. Many couples have financial disagreements already in the premarital period. So 50% of grooms and 46% of brides agreed with the statement: “I want my spouse to use money more economically”, and 27% - 32% - accordingly “I am very worried that one of us has debts”.

Sphere of relationships with friends was singled out from the “Friends and Parents” block, because in the conditions of Russia, the relations of a young family with their parents are of separate interest. Relationships with friends are characterized by a number of problems both before and after marriage.

For example, in a study by N. G. Aristova it was found that high school students already assume a change in the value of friendship after marriage, and boys more often than girls expect this value to increase (2, p. 5).

According to the study, only 14% of the surveyed couples have this side of the relationship as strong or at the same time strong and weak. Thus, 26% of grooms disagree with the statement “the bride treats all my friends well”, and 25% do not yet know her opinion. Almost the same number of brides - 28% - do not agree that “the groom treats all my friends well” and 22% don't know his opinion yet. 29% of brides and 25% of grooms believe that the future spouse spends too much time with his friends (girlfriends) before marriage. Subsequently, probably, conflicts based on friends and girlfriends can only worsen, especially after the appearance of a child in the family.

Relationship with parents- a fairly common cause of conflicts in a young family, especially in cases where representatives of both generations are forced to live together. The same reason often serves as a pretext for divorce.

According to the results obtained, in 16% of couples this side of the relationship is relatively strong, and for the rest it is a potential source of conflicts, including due to unresolved issues related to relations with parents before marriage. Approximately a quarter of brides and grooms at the time of filing the application, the parents practically do not know the future daughter-in-law or son-in-law.

Spending free time- the strong or partially strong side of the relationship in 18% of the surveyed couples. The main sources of disagreement: different interests in this area or their absence (21% of grooms and 15% of bridegrooms are worried that a partner has no hobbies), pressure on a partner, unequal preferences regarding the balance of time spent together and separated, as well as activity - passive leisure, and, finally, a general relationship to what it means to have a good time.

Conflict Resolution Methods... In accordance with the concept underlying the methodology, conflicts are an attribute of both premarital and family relationships. The success of a relationship is determined by how these conflicts are resolved. Among the surveyed marrying only 19% of couples, this area is relatively strong. For the rest, disagreements are resolved either ineffectively, or ideas about ways to overcome conflicts are different. 49% of brides and grooms agreed that “from time to time we seriously argue about little things,” 43% of brides and 52% of grooms prefer to remain silent if they disagree with a partner in some way, and 41 and 31%, respectively, think that the future spouse (s) is not serious about existing disagreements.

Sphere of interpersonal relations includes assessments of each other's personality traits.

Only 20% of couples have these scores mutually positive. There were practically no gender differences in the assessment of negative traits of a partner: the character of the future spouse is sometimes worried about 54% of brides and 53% of grooms, stubbornness - 50 and 55%, respectively, a bad mood of a partner when it is difficult to get along with him (her) - 52 and 55 %, excessive criticality - 42 and 43%, excessive addiction to alcohol - 37 and 38%, withdrawal - 37 and 38%, behavior "in public" - 35 and 32%, jealousy 29 - 27%, unreliability in business 25 and 26% , the desire to achieve superiority in relationships - 18 and 24%. Thus, even looking through rose-colored glasses, future spouses are often dissatisfied with each other's personality traits. Nevertheless, they get married, because they are sure that after the wedding it will be easier for them to fix what they do not like in their partner today.

Future parenting is the strength of the relationship of 28% of couples. For other couples, the expectations associated with the appearance of a child either do not coincide or do not correspond to the real difficulties arising in a young family in connection with this event. But more often people getting married do not think about it at all: from 30 to 50% of the answers to the questions of this block - “I don’t know yet”, despite the fact that in 15% of couples the bride is already pregnant. Of course, as in the case with other blocks concerning the future, the predictive power of the test is not that great. One should not discount the peculiarities of our country, where, at least in the past, unlike in the West, life was generally unplanned rationally. Nevertheless, it is known that it is the appearance of a child in a young family that creates sometimes insurmountable problems, which, according to experts, lead to such a significant proportion of divorces among families with an internship of up to three years.

Communication is a relatively problem-free sphere in 34% of the surveyed couples. In other cases, there are serious disagreements already in the premarital period. 37% of grooms and 34% of brides do not always trust what their partner says. 41 and 39%, respectively, noted that the bride (groom) often does not understand their feelings and experiences, and 36 and 39% themselves cannot express their feelings to their partner for fear of being misunderstood. Subsequently, in the process of forming intimacy, the problems caused by the constraint of attrition can most likely be smoothed out. In other cases, when inadequate skills are rigid, since they are firmly mastered in the parental family, special training is needed to correct them.

The sexual sphere turned out to be the only one in which the majority of respondents (67% of couples) had relationships that were consistent and mutually satisfactory. On the one hand, this can have an extremely favorable effect on the future of marriage. For example, research on young families has shown that sexual harmony and alignment of expectations about partner behavior are critical to a stable marriage. On the other hand, as the German scientist R. Bormann wrote, "the legalization of sexual relations seems to young people to be the most favorable form of eliminating all moral objections and obstacles that enter the path to sexual life." Marriage, on the other hand, must have not only all that is usually associated with love, but also the ability to withstand the burden of responsibility arising from marriage.

The presented results confirm at the empirical level the previously stated hypotheses about the peculiarities of marriage choice in Russia:

The prevalence of orientation towards marriage in order to create a family, and to legitimize sexual relations. Probably, such a situation was more typical for the former USSR (than for the countries of the West), where neither moral considerations nor material conditions allowed young people to cohabit before marriage;

Frivolity of youth in marriage. We add to this that, probably, such frivolity was the result of the irresponsibility of people who grew up in a social system;

An irrational approach to the conclusion of marriage, which is due, among other things, to cultural factors, in particular, in comparison with the United States, the predominance of the emotional over the pragmatic.

The results obtained are largely specific for large cities, where the heterogeneity of couples entering into marriage according to social characteristics is higher than in non-capital cities. This circumstance can also explain the fact of a significant discrepancy in the socio-psychological characteristics of parental families in the overwhelming majority of couples (how the respondent perceived his family when he (she) was 14-16 years old).

The research data indicate the need to create premarital psychological counseling services, which was previously discussed based on the experience of working with young divorcing spouses (8, p. 62). However, such work can be carried out, obviously, if the couple is ready for a kind of rationalization of relations. It can be assumed that in connection with the above, the proportion of such pairs is not very high.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that currently there is a tendency to postpone marriages and increase the age of marriage, as well as to postpone the birth of first-borns. The most obvious reason for these trends is material and housing problems, unemployment among young people. The reason is less obvious - one of the few positive consequences of the crisis socio-economic situation - the possible increase in responsibility for marriage, when neither society nor parents in most cases are able to help a young family.

So, the family is considered:

As a social institution;

As a small social group.

In our study, the family is studied as a small social group, since it allows us to trace the relationship of spouses in the family, to determine the difficulties that exist in certain families, and also to determine the causes of divorce.

Based on this, we regard the family as a small social group, whose members are linked by marriage or kinship relations, community of life and mutual moral responsibility, and marriage as the authorization of these relations, allowing a man and a woman to have family life based on an intimate personal relationship between husband and wife for the sake of birth and upbringing. children.

When studying the factors that have a favorable effect on the life of the family, we have revealed various aspects of studying the success of the functioning of the family.

Based on this, it can be argued that the success of the functioning of the family is influenced by many factors, however, having analyzed them, we have identified the main ones that influence the successful functioning of the family.

Among them are the living conditions of the family and the individual characteristics of the spouses, as well as the correspondence of these characteristics among the spouses.

An important factor in the well-being of the family is the premarital characteristics of the spouses: the conditions and relationships of the parental families, because it is the parental family that has a significant impact on the married life of children.

2.3 Family counseling as a technology of social work with the family

In recent years, attention has increased to the study of the family as an educational institution on the part of pedagogy, psychology, sociology and other sciences. However, the possibilities of scientists in the study are limited by the fact that the family is a rather closed cell of society, reluctant to initiate outsiders into all the secrets of life, relationships, and values ​​that it professes. The family never fully opens up, admits other people into its world as much as it gives a more or less positive idea of ​​it.

The methods of studying the family are tools with the help of which the data characterizing the family are collected, analyzed, generalized, and many interrelationships and patterns of marriage and family relations are revealed.

The researcher, social work specialist should be aware of acceptable limits"Invasion" of the family and marriage and family relations, tk. these boundaries have legislative criteria: respect for human rights, the inviolability of family privacy. Proceeding from this, the parameters of the investigated object, methods of work implementation are determined.

Methods for studying the family, marriage and family relations are tools with the help of which data characterizing the family is collected, analyzed, generalized, and many relationships and patterns are revealed.

Let's talk about consulting as one of the effective methods of a specialist's work.

The word "consultation" is used in several meanings: it is a meeting, an exchange of views of experts on any matter, advice from a specialist; institution that gives such advice, for example, legal advice (21, p. 603).

Thus, to consult is to consult with a specialist on some matter.

In our country, in the early 90s, consulting became widespread. It has a pronounced specificity, which is determined by how the consultant realizes his professional role in the individual logic of family life, harmonization of marriage and family relations. The peculiarities of counseling are influenced by theoretical preferences, the scientific approached the school to which the consultant belongs (26, p. 137).

Despite all the differences that are observed today in understanding the essence of psychological counseling and its tasks, theorists and practitioners agree that counseling is a professional interaction between a trained consultant and a client aimed at solving the latter's problem. This interaction is carried out face-to-face, although sometimes it can include more than 2 people. The rest of the positions diverge.

Some believe that counseling differs from psychotherapy and is centered on more superficial work, for example, on interpersonal relationships, and its main task is to help the family, spouses look at life situations from the outside, demonstrate and discuss those moments of the relationship that, being the source of difficulties, usually do not realized and not controlled (1, p. 51). Others consider counseling to be one of the forms of psychotherapy implementation and see its central task in helping the client find his true self and find the courage to become this self (19, p. 112).

Depending on the life situation of the family (as a collective client), the goals of counseling can be certain changes in self-awareness (the formation of a productive attitude to life, acceptance of it in all its manifestations; gaining faith in oneself and the desire to overcome difficulties, restoring a broken bond between family members, forming partners responsible for each other, etc.), behavioral changes (the formation of ways of productive interaction of family members with each other and the outside world).

Psychological counseling is a holistic system. It can be thought of as a time-unfolding process, a jointly separated activity of a consultant and a client, in which two main components are distinguished.

Diagnostic - systematic tracking of the dynamics of the development of the family or its members who have applied for help; collection and accumulation of information and minimal and sufficient diagnostic procedures. On the basis of joint research, the specialist and the client determine the benchmarks for joint work (goals and objectives), distribute responsibilities, and identify the limits of the necessary support.

When working with a married couple, the goals and objectives are unique, like her life situation, but if we talk about the general task of counseling a family, it is to help to accept life in all its manifestations, to rethink their relationships with oneself, others, the world in general, to take responsibility for one's life. and the lives of their loved ones and productively transform the life situation.

The consultant creates conditions for change and stimulates this process: to organize, direct, provide favorable conditions for him, striving to ensure that he leads to the harmonization of marriage and family relations. Thus, the goal takes into account as much as possible the characteristics of the client and his life situation.

The main stage of social work with the family is the selection and use of means that allow creating conditions that stimulate positive

changes in family relationships contributing to the mastery of ways of productive interaction. At this stage, the social worker comprehends the results of diagnostics (joint research, tracking) and, on their basis, thinks over what conditions are necessary for the favorable development of the family and personality, for family members to gain positive attitudes towards themselves, others, the world in general and flexibility, the ability to successfully communicate with each other and society, adapt in it. Then he develops and implements flexible individual and group programs of social and psychological support of the family, its development, focused on a specific married couple, taking into account their characteristics and needs.

The peculiarities of the distribution of family roles, expectations, claims in marriage, the compatibility of spouses can also be investigated using the following methods.

The questionnaire "Communication in the family" (YE Aleshina, LY Gozman, EM Dubovskaya) measures the trust of communication in a married couple, similarity in views, common symbols, mutual understanding of spouses, ease and psychotherapeutic communication.

The methodology "Role expectations and claims in marriage" (A.N. Volkova) reveals the spouses' perceptions of the significance of certain roles in family life, as well as their desired distribution between husband and wife.

The methodology "Distribution of roles for everyone" (Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, Ye.M. Dubovskaya) determines the degree of implementation by the spouses of one or another role: responsible for the material support of the family, the owner (mistress) of the house, responsible for raising children, organizer family subculture, entertainment, sexual partnership.

To establish the measure of personal compatibility and inform the spouses about the peculiarities of their character, the method of individual psychological research is used (A.N. Volkova, T.M. Trapeznikova).

Personal compatibility (psychological level spousal compatibility): automatic distribution of psychological stress, development of optimal methods of communication, understanding of spontaneous manifestations of a partner and an adequate response to them is one of the forms of corrective work aimed at improving mutual understanding. It is carried out with the help of such methods as determination of the type of temperament (G. Eysenck), "16 personality factors" (R. Cattell), the method of drawing frustration (S. Rozetzweig), color test (M. Luscher) and others.

Spiritual interaction of partners, their spiritual compatibility is manifested at the socio-cultural level of marital relations. This is a community of value orientations, life goals, motivation, social behavior, interests, needs, as well as a community of views on family leisure activities. It is known that the similarity of interests, needs, values ​​is one of the factors of marital harmony and stability of marriage.

The questionnaire "Measurement of attitudes for the whole couple" (Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman) makes it possible to identify a person's views in ten spheres of life that are most significant in family interaction:

1. attitude towards people;

2. attitude towards children;

3. the alternative between a sense of duty and pleasure;

4. autonomy of spouses or dependence of spouses from each other;

5. attitude towards divorce;

6. attitude to love of a romantic type;

7. assessment of the importance of the sexual sphere in marriage and family life;

8. attitude towards the "forbidden sex";

9. attitude to the patriarchal or egalitarian structure of the family;

10 relationship to money.

The questionnaire "Interests - leisure" (T.M. Trapeznikova) reveals the correlation of interests of the spouses, the measure of their consent in the forms of leisure.

To study the microenvironment of the family, social work professionals can use the method of conversation or interview, which is of great importance for the stabilization of marriage and the family as a whole.

Such a research method as psychological and pedagogical training is very effective in working with married families. They usually involve members of several families with similar problems. Participants are offered various tasks, the implementation and joint discussion of which helps to develop certain skills, corrects views and attitudes, and activates reflective activity. With skillful leadership, the group of participants in the training turns into a kind of self-help and mutual assistance group. Criticism and condemnation are excluded, conditions are created for an open discussion of the problem, exchange of experience, knowledge, and expression of feelings.

As a result of group meetings, participants in trainings, interviews increase their competence, culture of communication, which has a beneficial effect on the harmonization of marital relations.

Various "role-playing games" are effective techniques. The most popular game is "Role exchange", when spouses act out scenes from family life, playing the role of the opposite sex, which is described in the book Tutushkina M.K. "Psychological assistance and counseling in practical psychology" (29, p. 206) Good results the use of the "Mirror" technique, when the spouses split up in pairs and try to repeat all the movements and words of each other, as well as role-playing games related to a certain area of ​​married life (joint housekeeping, family on vacation, communication, and so on). In the group, a researcher-psychologist conducted a general role-playing game "Family outdoor recreation", where each member of the group played himself. Everything was simulated, except for the participants with their real personality traits. During the game in an interesting and accessible form, the group worked out those elementary psychological rules, without which a harmonious family life is impossible. The participants dispersed, tired but satisfied, actively discussing everything that had happened in the classroom.

Another form of psychological counseling for married couples is individual conversation with them. This option has advantages and disadvantages. The positive here seems to be greater contact with the psychologist, but, on the other hand, there is no effect of feedback and group learning.

An individual consultation usually begins with the clarification of purely formal data: when they met, how many met, how long they have lived together, where. Then the spouses may be asked to draw a non-existent animal so that they relax, the apsychologist received a primary idea of ​​the personality traits of the consulted.

Psychological counseling is a multi-stage process. Its procedural analysis presupposes the allocation of dynamics, which consists of stages, stages, and it is necessary to distinguish between the dynamics of an individual meeting (consultation, training) and the dynamics of the entire consultation process.

To comprehend the dynamics, you can use the metaphor of a joint journey from the present situation to the desired future. Then counseling will appear as helping the client in solving three main tasks:

Determine “the place where the family is at the moment of conversion” (what is the essence of disharmony in marriage and family relations and its causes?);

Identify the "place where the satellites want to go", i.e. the state that the spouses want to achieve (to form an image of the desired future, to determine its reality) and the choice of the direction of change (What to do? In which direction to move?);

Help the spouses get there (How to do it?).

The process of solving the first problem corresponds to the diagnostic component of maintenance; the third can be thought of as transformation or rehabilitation. There is no ready-made term for the second task yet; it is resolved in the course of an agreement between clients and a psychologist. Conventionally, this stage can be called a "responsible decision" or "choice of the path."

This three-term model is present in a series of integrative approaches to counseling in psychology and social work of V.A. Goryanina and J. Igen.

At the initial stage of mastering the professional consultant, as a guideline, simpler and more mobile schemes are needed. In terms of content, it is possible to distinguish three general stages of the accompaniment process: awareness of not only external, but also internal causes of life difficulties; reconstruction of a family or personal myth, the development of a value relationship;

Mastering the necessary life strategies and behavior tactics.

Thus, we see from the studies listed above that today modern sciences use a variety of methods of providing assistance in marriage and family relations with the identification of criteria and indicators for the development of harmonious relations between spouses. If the client has a high motivation for introspection and changing himself, a significant correction of his own life and marriage and family relations is possible. An effective condition At the same time, there is the help of specialists in social work, psychologists, psychotherapists, who in their activities rely to the greatest extent on the individual characteristics of the personality and its activity.

In conclusion, I would like to note that basically all family problems are solved with the help of specialists in social work, because even if the spouses are faced with material difficulties, with the influence of external objective unfavorable factors or problems in intimate relationships, it is enough to change the structure of the perception of these situations in their minds and the appearance of different options outputs. Then you can choose the optimal solution and move towards the normalization and harmonization of family life, thus, family counseling has a great potential to prevent destructive processes in marriage relations and maintain the normal functioning of the family.

Conclusion

As a result of theoretical research, the problem of harmonizing marriage and family relations can be solved only by the person himself, because generally accepted is the view on the family, on the development of unharmonious relations, as a product of long historical development. Over the long history of its existence, the family has changed, which is associated with the development of mankind, with the improvement of forms of social regulation of relations between the sexes.

Analysis of the literature showed that social work is organized around various family problems, including: family planning, mental health, social and psychological compatibility, harmonization of marriage and family relations, personal example of parents, lack of social maturity, bad habits, theoretical understanding of the problem of family relations received in the works of V. Satir, K. Vitek, I. V. Dorno, M. S. Matskovsky, A. .G. Kharchev and other authors.

At the same time, the social protection of the family turned out to be one of the weakest links in our perestroika. It is necessary to improve legislation on the protection of social rights, the implementation of the established guarantees of family support, because the new system of social guarantees and the mechanisms for their implementation have not been fully formed and do not provide sufficient protection in situations of social risk. The efforts of the state are mainly aimed at supporting families who have already found themselves in difficult life situations.

It is necessary to implement the developed state social policy, the formation of real family-oriented social programs. The state of modern family law in Russia is carried out by the state in various, not always effective acts at all levels - from laws, international declarations - to decisions and decrees of municipalities.

Such disunity of legal problems leads to serious omissions in the field of protection and support of the family, a decrease in the effectiveness of legal mechanisms aimed at protecting the family, marriage, and its social support.

The analysis of family counseling methods in social work with the family has shown that today modern sciences use a variety of methods of assistance in marriage and family relations with the identification of criteria and indicators for the development of harmonious relations between spouses. An effective condition for this is the help of specialists in social work, psychologists and other specialists, who in their activities rely to the greatest extent on the individual characteristics of the person and her activity.

Family counseling has great potential to prevent destructive marital relationships and to maintain the normal functioning of the family.

Further studies of psychological approaches to the harmonization of marriage and family relations should be devoted to the study of new technologies, methods of psychological counseling; the opening of family counseling centers; premarital counseling consultations; family hobby clubs, family welfare centers, etc.

The problem of harmonizing marital relations is complex and needs further research. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that the work of a social work specialist is focused not only on solving family problems, but also on strengthening and developing it. And also on the restoration of the internal potential for the fulfillment of numerous socially significant functions of the family, the stabilization of the demographic and socio-economic situation in Russia.

Bibliography

1. Aleshina Yu.V. Individual and family counseling. M.,

2. Aristova N.G. The image of the future family: internal contradictions /

the formation of marriage and family relations. M., 1989, p. 51.

3. Antonov AI, Medkov VM Sociology of the family: a textbook for universities. M., 1996.

4. Vitek K. Problems of spousal well-being. M., Progress, 1988

5. Verb M.S. Love and family in the XX century. Sverdlovsk, 1988.

6. Grebennikov I.V. The basics of family life. M., 1991

7. Grebennikov I.V. Ethics and psychology of family life. M., 1987.

8. Gurko T.A. Impact of premarital behavior on stability

young family (sociological research. 1982, No. 2).

9. Gurko T.A. Formation of a young family in a large city: conditions

10. Hunger S.I. Family stability: sociological

demographic aspects. L., 1984, p. 60.

11. Kulikova T.N. Family pedagogy and home education, 1999.

12. Korotkov N.E., Cordon S.I., Rogova I.A. Family: it all starts with love. Perm, 1987.

13. Kuzmin A.I. Conceptual approaches to research

family life // Family in Russia, 1996, no. 14.

14. Komarov M.S., Introduction to Sociology, M., 1994, p. 197

15. Kuksa L.T. // Family in Russia, 1996, no. 1

16. Lebedeva L.F. Problems of the formation of family

oriented social programs / Family in Russia, 1996,

17. Mizherikov V.A. Psychological and Pedagogical Dictionary, Rostov-on-Don, 1998.

18. Matskovsky M.S. Sociology of the family: problems, theories,

methodologies, techniques. M., Science, 1989.

19. May R. The art of psychological counseling. M., 1994.

20. Nemov R.S. Psychology. M. 1994.

21. Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory Dictionary, M., 1999.

22. Russia Today: A Real Chance. M., 1994, p. 59.

23. Strelnikova N.N. Development of the social service system

24. Sysenko V.A. Young people are getting married. M., 1986.

25. Satyr V. How to build yourself and your family. M., Pedagogika-Press, 1992.

26. Silyaeva E.G. The psychology of family relationships with the basics

family counseling. M., Asadesa, 2002.

27. Smirnov V.I. General pedagogy: in theories, definitions,

illustrations. Pedagogical Society of Russia. Mm 2000.

28. Tureev V.I. Fundamentals of Social Statistics. M., 1991, p. 88.

29. Tutushkina M.K. Psychological assistance and counseling in

practical psychology. SPb, 1999.

30. Firsov M.V., Studenova E.G. Theory of social work in Russia,

31. Kharchev A.G. family follow-up: at the threshold stage //

Sociological research, 1986, no. 3, p. 23-33.

32. Kharchev A.G., Matskovskii M.S. The modern family and its problems.

33. Shevandrin P.I. Social psychology in education. M.,

"Vlados", 1995.

Applications

Table 1

Family typology Parental functions Needs and tasks during the life cycle Typical problems and crises Expecting family and family with a baby Preparing for the roles of father and mother; adaptation to a new stage of life associated with the appearance of a child; taking care of the child's needs, distributing responsibilities around the house and caring for the child The main thing is to build trust; the child's perception of the world and family as a safe place where there is care and participation Inappropriate behavior of the spouses as parents; absence of a father or mother, parental refusal, neglect, disability, mental retardation Family with a child preschool age Development of the interests and needs of the child; getting used to the increased, with the appearance of a child, material costs; support for sexual relations between spouses; developing relationships with parents; shaping family traditions Achievement of autonomy, development of locomotor skills, study of objects, the formation of attitudes towards parents such as "I myself", the formation of an initiative-feeling of guilt Inadequate socialization, insufficient attention from parents, excessive parental care; misbehavior Student's family Raise interest in scientific and practical knowledge; support of the child's hobbies; care for the development of marital relations Intellectual and social stimulation, social inclusion of the child, development of a sense of industriousness, completeness, diligence - inferiority Academic failure, membership in deviant groups

baby

senior

school

age

The transfer of responsibility and freedom of action to the child as they grow up and development, the distribution of responsibilities and the division of responsibility between family members, the upbringing of growing children in decent images, the acceptance of the child's individuality Achievements, partial distance from parents, self-identity, new assessments of the world and attitudes towards it, “diffusion ideals "Identity crisis, alienation, addictions, crime Family with adult children entering the world Separation from the growing child, the ability to give up the previous power, creating a favorable environment for new family members, creating good relations between one's own family and the family of an adult child, preparing to fulfill the role of grandparents Opportunities in self-realization, in fulfilling adult roles, intimacy - isolation, love as the ability to entrust oneself to another person, respect, responsibility Paternity, motherhood without marriage, increased dependence on the parental family, conflict in b cancer, crime, misconduct at work, school

middle

age,

Renewal of marital relations, adaptation to age-related physiological changes, strengthening relationships with relatives and friends Expanding opportunities for self-development in life roles, productivity - stagnation, productivity - inertia Family breakup, divorce, financial problems, inability to manage household, conflict between "fathers and children" , career failure, disorganization Aged family Changing the house in accordance with the needs of older people, fostering readiness to accept the help of others as the strength decreases, adapting to life in retirement, awareness of one's own attitude towards death Opportunities for self-development as an elderly person, integrity - despair Widowhood, chronic helplessness, misunderstanding of one's role with retirement, social isolation

What is your marriage?

Questions for men yes sometimes no

Do you have a desire to change your family life and start over?

Do you think your wife dresses tastelessly?

Do you break your bad mood on your family?

Do you often spend your evenings at home?

Do you know what flowers your wife likes?

Do you often think about your bachelor life?

Do you think that spouses should take their vacation separately?

Do you compare your wife with other women?

Do you like to chat with friends outside the home?

Questions for women yes sometimes no

Do you think that you do not need a husband?

Are you asking your husband to talk about his business affairs?

Do you love your children more than your husband?

Can cake improve your mood?

Do you think your girlfriends have better husbands than you?

Do you often go home in your pajamas?

If your husband has a hobby, does it annoy you?

Do you rejoice in your husband's official successes?

Do you think your job is more important than your husband's?

Let's summarize the results

For men:

69 points or more. You are not very happy in family life. The reason is your own behavior. Try to pay more attention to your wife.

40 to 68 points. You are happy with your marriage. It is calm and pleasant.

Less than 40 points. You sometimes quarrel with your wife, but in general your marriage is successful.

For women: 68 points or more. Your marriage is unsuccessful. You think that the husband is to blame, but this is not always the case. Try to take a more critical look at your behavior. 40 to 67 points. You understand that there is no ideal marriage, and therefore you put up with the disadvantages of your spouse. You try to drive away gloomy thoughts. Less than 40 points. Are you alright. Your husband cannot find a better wife.

• Social Security Law (SSS). Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2021. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  The content of the textbook reflects the current level of development of the science of social security law, taking into account the latest changes in legislation. In separate modules, the main sections of the course program are disclosed: issues of the general part of the field of social security law, seniority, disability, retirement benefits, benefits, compensation, benefits, social services, medical and social assistance. Complies with the FGOS SPO of the latest generation ...

• Judicial protection of the right of Russian citizens to social security

  The monographic study determined that the right to social security is a constitutional right of a citizen, a definition of this concept was given, the issues of protecting the rights of Russian citizens in the field of social security were considered, the forms and methods of such protection were investigated, the role of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the European Court of Human Rights was determined. human rights, courts of general jurisdiction in matters of protection of the right of citizens to social security ...

• Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2020. Series: Bachelor and Specialist.

  The issues of the General part of the industry are briefly reflected. The main attention is paid to the institutions of the Special Part - the basic provisions that determine the key parameters of the domestic social security system and the main approaches to the regulation of the relevant relations. Their content is set out taking into account the latest legislation on social security. Also, issues related to the pension provision of citizens, their provision with social ...

• The issues of social security in the form of state pensions, social benefits and compensation payments, social medical assistance and drug provision, state social assistance, benefits and benefits are considered. Complies with the Federal State Educational Standard for Secondary Vocational Education of the Third Generation. For students of legal specialties of secondary specialized education, including ...

• Social Security Law of Russia. Workshop. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2020.

  The proposed publication, prepared by the faculty of the Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law of the Moscow State Law University named after O. E. Kutafin (MSLA), takes into account the latest changes in Russian legislation on social security. The practice was compiled in accordance with the program of the course "Social Security Law of Russia" for law schools and can be used ...

• Criminal legal protection of the right to work of persons in need of increased social protection

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2020.

  This work is a study of the corpus delicti that provides for liability for unjustified refusal to hire or unjustified dismissal of a pregnant woman or a woman with children under the age of three. The work determines the validity of the criminalization of such acts at the present stage, as well as in view of the blanket way of presenting the disposition ...

• Models of interaction with children at risk: the experience of a social teacher. FSES

  Publisher: Teacher. Year: 2020.

  The manual presents recommendatory and technological materials necessary in practice for educators among children and adolescents of socially dangerous behavior and methods of social and pedagogical work with their parents. The proposed interaction models are built taking into account the provisions of the Federal State Educational Standard on the basis of coordinating the efforts of teachers, psychologists, parents, specialists ...

• Social work with the elderly and disabled. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2020. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  The socio-legal and legislative foundations of social work with the elderly and the disabled are revealed, the technologies of social work with them are characterized. Particular attention is paid to the social adaptation and rehabilitation of the elderly and disabled, work with those of them who experience domestic violence. The content of the social patronage of this population group is specially considered, the features of long-term care for those in need are revealed. Attention is paid ...

• Social Security Law of Russia. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2020.

  The study guide provides comprehensive information on the law of social security, pension security, compensation payments, social benefits, social and medical services. Complies with the current requirements of the Federal Educational Standard of Higher Education and provides for the topics necessary for the formation of professional competencies and understanding of the subject of this branch of law. The legislation is given ...

• Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2020.

• Social Security Law. Tutorial

  Publisher: INFRA-M. Year: 2020. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  The manual is devoted to theoretical issues of social security law. The features of legal relations on the legal regulation of minimizing social risks through pension provision, provision of citizens with social benefits and payments, social services and the provision of free medical care, as well as international legal standards of social security are outlined in detail. Contains regulatory material as of ...

• Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2020. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  Reveals the main approaches to the theory and methods of social work, which have developed in modern knowledge. Complies with the FGOS SPO of the latest generation. To prepare students of secondary vocational education studying in the group of directions "Sociology and Social Work", social workers and specialists in the field of social problems ...

• Methodology and theory of social work. Tutorial

  Publisher: INFRA-M. Year: 2020. Series: Higher education. Master's degree.

  The tutorial examines methodological and theoretical basis social work. The problems of scientific identification of social work, theoretical problems of social work as a social phenomenon and the foundations of educational and professional practical activity, basic scientific concepts and their place in the system of social sciences, methods of theoretical research in social work, as well as the problems of interrelationships of social work are revealed ...

• Publisher: INFRA-M. Year: 2020. Series: Higher education. Bachelor's degree.

  The textbook describes the stages, forms and models of the formation and development of social work in Russia and abroad. The main concepts, international legal norms, principles, trends and problems of the development of social work are considered. The ideas of outstanding teachers, psychologists and politicians who influenced the formation and development of social work in our country and abroad are reflected. Complies with federal state ...

• Social work theory (for bachelors). Textbook

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2019.Series: Bachelor's degree.

  Social Work Theory Textbook - component a set for the training of professionals in the direction of "Social work". The most important questions of the modern theory of social work, its most important questions and problems are highlighted. The logic and selection of the textbook material are based on modern approaches and information of domestic and European schools of social work, taking into account the recommendations of the European Association of Schools of Social Work. Compliant ...

• Social Security Law. Textbook

  Publisher: Justice. Year: 2019. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  The textbook examines the main issues of the course "Social Security Law": the concept, system and functions of social security; social security law as a branch of law and its sources; the history of the development of social security legislation; pension system; allowances and other compensation payments; other types of social security. The work is based on a large number of laws and regulations. Compliant ...

• Social Security Law. Textbook

  Publisher: Justice. Year: 2019.Series: Bachelor's degree.

  The textbook examines the main issues of the course "Social Security Law": the concept, system and functions of social security; social security law as a branch of law and its sources; the history of the development of social security legislation; pension system; allowances and other compensation payments; other types of social security. The work is based on a large number of legislative and other regulations (as ...

• This study guide is a comprehensive study of treaty doctrine in the field of family law, labor law and social security law. These agreements have a civil law basis in common with civil law agreements, but at the same time have significant differences. The differences are due to the unity of private and public principles in the legal regulation of family, labor and social security relations. Sectoral Doctrine Statement ...

• Family, labor and social security contracts. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2019.

  This study guide is a comprehensive study of the doctrine of contracts in family law, labor law, and social security law. These agreements have a civil law basis in common with civil law agreements, but at the same time have significant differences from them. These differences are due to the unity of private and public principles in the legal regulation of family, labor and social security relations. Teaching Statement ...

• Federal Law "On Social Protection of Disabled People in the Russian Federation" No. 181-FZ

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2019.Series: Laws and Codes.

  The text of the Law was prepared using the professional legal system "Code", verified with the official source ...

• Socio-pedagogical technologies for working with "difficult" children. FSES

  Publisher: Teacher. Year: 2019. Series: Management of a modern school.

  The problem of "difficult" students is one of the psychological and pedagogical problems of modern education, requiring the solution and construction of an educational system in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard. The material of the manual reveals this important area of ​​activity of the teaching staff - work with children at risk: the characteristics of the concepts "risk group" and "risk zone" are given; offers a diagnostic toolkit for children's problems related to ...

• The economic foundations of social work. Textbook

  Publisher: INFRA-M. Year: 2019.Series: Higher education. Bachelor's degree.

  The textbook examines the economic foundations of social work, pays great attention to mechanisms for increasing the efficiency of the use of economic resources for social protection of the population, financial planning, new forms of management, including the transition to state, municipal tasks for budgetary institutions of social services, a tariff-free system of remuneration of social workers. The publication is addressed to students studying courses ...

• How to prepare final qualifying work for bachelors of social work. Tutorial

  Publisher: Forum. Year: 2019.Series: Higher education.

  The textbook presents a general methodology for the preparation and defense of graduate qualification work in the direction of "Social work": its main stages are determined, and guidelines for writing and execution of FQP are provided. The manual is intended for teachers and bachelor students studying in the direction of preparation 39.03.02 "Social work" ...

• A History of Social Work: A Study Guide

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2019.Series: For bachelors.

  The most important problems and stages of the formation of social work as a social practice, a field of knowledge and a direction of education are considered. The analysis of the dynamics of the development of social work in its most important systemic connections is given from the point of view of the paradigmatic approach. The influence of the socio-historical context on the forms, types and directions of helping practices is shown. Written in accordance with the requirements of the new educational standard. Aimed at development ...

• Fundamentals of Social Work. Textbook

  Publisher: INFRA-M. Year: 2019.Series: Higher education.

  The textbook examines theoretical, methodological and practical problems of social work in Russia and abroad. Designed for undergraduate and graduate students studying in the specialty "Social Work", as well as for those who are interested in the theory and practice of social work. 4th edition, revised and expanded ...

• Social Security Law (SSS). Textbook

  Written with the latest changes pension legislation contained in the Federal Law of 03.10.2018 No. 350-FZ "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on the Issues of Appointment and Payment of Pensions". Reflects the current level of development of social security law, the practice of its implementation. All normative material for study is provided by the curriculum. The main goal is to help students ...

• Legal support of the interests of the older generation (socio-economic aspect). Postgraduate studies

  Publisher: Justice. Year: 2019.Series: Monograph.

  Based on the results of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference "The Image of the Future through the Eyes of the Older Generation" held by the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation and the Russian Party of Pensioners for Social Justice on November 23, 2018, as well as within the framework of the research of the Financial University scientific school "State regulation of business. ..

• Practical foundations of social protection of the population. Tutorial

  Publisher: Lan. Year: 2019. Series: Textbooks for universities. Special literature.

  The textbook covers topics for courses in the disciplines "Fundamentals of Social Work", "Social Policy", "Social Gerontology", "Pension Security", "Social Insurance". The manual contains a statement of the main theoretical and methodological issues of social work, reveals the content of the state's social policy, social support for the population, is focused on improving ...

• Social work with family and children. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2019. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  The main directions, content and forms of social work with families of different types are revealed. The role of social service institutions for families is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to social work with families of disabled people, elderly people, with large families and Lately widespread by foster families. Complies with the FGOS SPO of the latest generation. For students of secondary vocational educational institutions studying ...

• Social Security Law. Workshop (STR). Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2018. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  Contains control questions, situational tasks, test materials corresponding to the content of the textbook "Social Security Law". It can be used in the development of MDK.01.01 "Social Security Law" of the professional module "Ensuring the implementation of citizens' rights in the field of pension provision and social protection" in the specialty "Law and Organization of Social Security". Compliant ...

• Social Security Law of Russia. Textbook for bachelors

  The textbook was prepared in accordance with the curriculum for the training course on social security law, taking into account the dynamics of the development of legislation in the modern period. The authors of the textbook, guided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, reflected in it the provisions of modern legislation in the field of social security. Regulations are used as of May 1, 2016 2nd edition, revised and updated ...

• Federal Law "On Social Protection of Disabled People in the Russian Federation". Rules for recognizing a person as a disabled person

  Publisher: Normatika. Year: 2018.Series: Codes. The laws. Norms.

  Edition contains text Federal law"On social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation" ...

• Technologies of social work with family and children

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2018. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  The textbook reveals theoretical, methodological and practice-oriented aspects of social work with family and children. The content of universal technologies in the system of social work with families and children is revealed, a typology of dysfunctional families is implemented, the main technologies of social work with specific types of families are considered, key technologies of social work with children and adolescents in difficult life situations are considered ...

• Philosophy of Social Work (for bachelors). Tutorial

  The textbook covers the main issues of the philosophy of social work as a curriculum and scientific direction. The essence of the philosophical approach to the study of social work in general and its main problems is revealed. Complies with the latest generation Federal State Educational Standard. For students of higher education institutions. The study guide can be useful for teachers, graduate students and practitioners ...

• Social work technology. General and special models. Textbook for universities

  Publisher: Academic Project. Year: 2018.Series: Gaudeamus.

  The textbook "Technology of social work: general and special models" includes theoretical material, tasks, tests, the construction of which is based on the principles of the competence-based approach. For the first time, the educational kit allows not only to provide information on the disciplines of vocational training, but also allows you to organize the independent work of students and its assessment. This is especially important when implementing modern concepts of a new ...

• Technologies of social work with youth. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2018.Series: Bachelor's degree.

  The content of activities with various categories of youth is characterized. Particular attention is paid to the socio-pedagogical and psychological aspects of social assistance and support for this category of the population. Includes the main topics of the course, within each of them there are questions for self-control and lists of recommended reading. Complies with FSES VO 3+. For undergraduate students of higher educational institutions studying in the direction of preparation ...

• Social Security Law Questions and Answers. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2018.

  This publication presents in a concise and concise form the basic information on the academic discipline "Social Security Law", taking into account the current legislation in the field of social security, including new pension laws... Explains the most essential terms, definitions, classifications included in exam tickets for social security law. Legislation is current as of May 2015. For students, ...

• Social physics. How Big Data helps spy and rob us of our privacy

  Publisher: AST. Year: 2018. Series: Digital Economy and Digital Future.

  Social physics is a new social science that, using mathematical methods, studies the influence of information flow on human behavior. The sophisticated methodology for studying the "breadcrumbs" that we reserve on the Internet makes it possible to predict the behavior of community groups, the productivity of new companies, guide the development of individual urban areas and ...

• Fundamentals of Social Work. Crib

  Publisher: RIOR. Year: 2018. Series: Cheat sheet [tear-off].

  The cheat sheet summarizes the answers to all the basic questions stipulated by the state educational standard and the curriculum for the discipline "Fundamentals of Social Work". The book will allow you to quickly gain basic knowledge of the subject, repeat the material covered, as well as prepare and successfully pass the test and exam. Recommended for all students and those passing the discipline "Fundamentals of Social Work" ...

• Problems of the General Part of Social Security Law. Monograph

  The relevance of the monograph is extremely high due to the fact that until now in the country there is no legislative consolidation of the fundamental principles of this branch of law, such as goals, objectives, principles, the subject of legal regulation, etc. theoretical problems of the General part of social security law at the time of its publication, allowing to form a systemic ...

• Theory and methodology of social work. Textbook

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2017. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  The textbook reveals the theoretical and methodological foundations and shows the history of the formation and development of social work. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of models of state policy in the field of social work in the modern global world. The features of social work as a potentially conflicting professional activity are shown. A list of social work technologies with various categories of the population is presented. The textbook is provided with a glossary, ...

• Social work technology (for bachelors). Textbook

  Includes theoretical material, tasks for it and a practical portfolio, the construction of which is based on the principles of a competence-based approach. For the first time, the educational kit allows not only to provide information on the disciplines of vocational training, but also to organize the independent work of students and its assessment. This is especially important in the implementation of the principles of the Bologna Process, which has been adopted by the domestic higher education. Logic, selection ...

• A history of social work. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2017.Series: Bachelor's degree.

  The most important problems and stages of the formation of social work as a social practice, a field of knowledge and a direction of education are considered. The analysis of the dynamics of the development of social work in its most important systemic connections is given from the point of view of the paradigmatic approach. The influence of the socio-historical context on the forms, types and directions of helping practices is shown. Written in accordance with the requirements of the new educational standard. Aimed at development ...

• Social work technology for bachelors. Textbook. FSES

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2017. Series: Higher education.

  The textbook reveals theoretical, methodological and practice-oriented aspects of social work in its main directions. The content of universal technologies in the system of social work, technologies for working with various categories of the population, technologies of social work in different types of institutions, as well as technologies for resolving conflicts in the social sphere are disclosed. The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions studying in ...

• Professional vocabulary for a specialist in rehabilitation work in the social sphere. Directory

  Publisher: Forum. Year: 2017.

  The reference book includes the terminology of the specialist in family and childhood rehabilitation work in social service organizations. Includes 230 basic concepts. Reference materials are intended for teachers of the system of additional professional education, teachers of higher and secondary vocational educational organizations, as well as for practitioners and students ...

• Social work theory. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2017.

  The textbook outlines the content of the main problems of the theory of social work, systematically analyzes its practical and methodological foundations, the most important concepts and concepts. The content of the textbook meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the direction 040400 "Social Work" and the working curriculum for training social workers ...

• Unity and differentiation in social security law. Monograph

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2017.

  The monograph examines the theoretical and economic foundations of the unity and differentiation of legal regulation in social security law. The essence of unity and differentiation as a feature of the method and principle of this industry is analyzed. The content of the concept "criterion of differentiation of legal regulation" is formulated, the classification of criteria is given. The differentiation of social security of citizens, taking into account the specifics ...

• Publisher: Normatika. Year: 2017.Series: Cheat sheet.

  The manual provides answers to all the main examination questions in this discipline, provided for by the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education. The most important thing that a student needs to know in order to successfully pass the exam is briefly and clearly stated. A manual addressed to students of higher and secondary educational institutions, will help them prepare for the exam as quickly as possible ...

• Social Security Law in Schemes and Definitions. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2017.

  The manual in a convenient format examines the course of the discipline "Social Security Law". In the manual, in the form of diagrams and definitions, the main questions included in tickets for tests and exams are disclosed. This form was chosen for ease of use and better assimilation of very abstract theoretical material. For students, graduate students of law universities, as well as anyone interested in jurisprudence ...

• Ethical foundations of social work. Tutorial

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2017.

  The manual has been developed in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education and is intended for bachelors studying in the direction of training "Social Work". The manual reveals the axiological potential and historical and cultural dynamics of social work as a socially helping activity and profession, presents the value-normative foundations of professional ...

• Social Security Law. Tutorial

  Publisher: RIOR. Year: 2017. Series: Higher education: Bachelor's degree.

  The manual has been prepared in accordance with state educational standards. Allows you to systematize the knowledge of the discipline "Social Security Law" obtained in the learning process. For students of legal training. 3rd edition ...

• Psychology of social work. Textbook for universities

  Publisher: Peter. Year: 2016. Series: Textbook for Universities.

  The second edition of the textbook was revised and supplemented. The book contains a complete and systematic presentation of the basic theoretical principles and models of psychological and social assistance. The publication presents the basic modern methods of non-clinical psychotherapeutic and counseling assistance and psychological mechanisms of adaptation and maladjustment of a healthy person in society, and also considers the latest developments in this area. A number of psychodiagnostic ...

• Psychology of Social Work for Bachelors. Textbook

  The textbook, written in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of the Russian Federation in the direction of preparation 39.03.02 "Social Work" (qualification (degree) "Bachelor"), describes in detail the content of the course "Psychology of Social Work". In addition, the manual includes tests for self-control, test keys, a glossary and recommended reading. The book is intended for students and teachers ...

• Social Work Theory for Bachelors. Textbook. FSES

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2016. Series: Higher education.

  The textbook is written in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education and contains the most significant theoretical and practical modern knowledge in the field of the theory of social work, set out in a strict logical and consistent form. The main categories, theories and methods of social work are considered. Particular attention has been removed to the history of the formation of social work in the world and in Russia, as well as ...

• Organization of work of social security bodies in the Russian Federation (for colleges). FSES

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2016. Series: Secondary vocational education.

  The main issues of the curriculum of the course "Organization of the work of social security bodies" are reflected. The most important normative concepts related to the sphere of social security of the population are examined in detail: the entire structure of the state system in this area of ​​social relations is broadly and in detail presented. It is told what types of social security and ...

• Social Security Law. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2016.

  The issues of the General part of the industry are briefly reflected. The main attention is paid to the institutions of the Special Part - the basic provisions that determine the key parameters of the domestic social security system and the main approaches to the regulation of the relevant relations. Their content is set out taking into account the latest legislation on social security (as of September 1, 2012). Issues related to retirement benefits were also considered ...

• Philosophy of Social Work. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2016. Series: For bachelors.

  The main provisions of the philosophy of social work are presented, which are analyzed at the following levels of conjugation: philosophy as a worldview and methodological basis of social work: epistemology of social work, where it is presented as a cognitive complex of spiritual and historical practices: philosophy of the subject language of social work and social work as a social phenomenon. For bachelors of higher education institutions enrolled in ...

• Social Security Law. Crib. Tutorial

  Publisher: RG-Press. Year: 2016.

  The publication contains questions of examination tickets for the academic discipline "Social Security Law" and was created taking into account the new Federal Law of 29.11.2010 No. 326-FZ "On compulsory medical insurance in the Russian Federation" (questions 28-30). This manual is not an alternative to a textbook, but is an indispensable assistant for students in consolidating the material studied in preparation for passing the test and exam ...

• Social Security Law: A Study Guide

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2016.Series: Bachelor's degree.

  Contains the main questions of the curriculum of the course "Social Security Law". On the basis of the latest legislation, the problems of the general and special parts of this branch of law are revealed. The appendix contains the main regulations for institutions, which makes the study of the discipline more convenient. Complies with the third generation Federal State Educational Standard. For undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students of higher educational institutions1 studying in the specialty ...

• Disability: recognition procedures, social protection and support

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2015. Series: Consults a lawyer.

  This publication in an accessible form covers issues related to the recognition of a person as a disabled person, rehabilitation (habilitation) of disabled people, providing them with measures of social protection and support in the field of medicine, during training and employment, in the field of material security and social services, as well as other measures ensuring life, protection and restoration of violated rights. The publication is intended for a wide range of readers and will ...

• 110 questions and answers on the theory of social work practice. Tutorial

  Publisher: Knorus. Year: 2015.

  The textbook presents the entire exposition of the theory and practice of social work: its history in Russia and abroad, the foundations of the theory, its place in the structure of the humanities and socio-political sciences, methodology, general and private technologies. The manual is structured in the form of questions on the main topics of the training course "Social Work" and detailed answers to them. For students of universities and secondary specialized educational institutions of the humanitarian profile, professional ...

• Social Security Law. Tutorial

  Publisher: Omega-L. Year: 2015. Series: High school library.

  The textbook examines the main issues related to the concept of social security law, seniority, the current pension system, the procedure for providing the population with social benefits, insurance and compensation payments, and the provision of medical care. A distinctive feature of this publication is its relevance. The guide not only reflects changes in the national social security and insurance system ...

• Social Security Law Cheat Sheet

  Publisher: Okay-Kniga. Year: 2015.Series: Ambulance student.

  This publication will help to systematize the previously acquired knowledge, as well as prepare for an exam or test and pass it successfully. The manual is intended for students of higher educational institutions ...

• Social Security Law. Crib

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2015. Series: Mini-cheat sheets for universities.

  The publication contains questions of exam tickets for the academic discipline Social Security Law and answers to them. The manual is intended for students of legal specialties and will help them in consolidating the studied material in preparation for passing the test and exam ...

The monograph comprehensively investigates the theoretical and practical issues of the sources of social security law as the most important legal category, namely: the concept, features of the sources of social security law, their place in the general system of sources of law; doctrinal sources of law; generally recognized principles and norms of international law, international treaties of the Russian Federation in the system of sources of social security law; the human right to social ...

• Management in social work. Textbook

  Publisher: Omega-L. Year: 2014.

  The textbook outlines the theoretical, methodological and practical issues of the theory and practice of management in social work according to the course program "Management in social work", reveals the basic concepts, questions and topics of the course that determine its objectives: the essence and content of management in social work, lay the foundations of professional competence ...

• Social Worker's Handbook

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2014. Series: Social project.

  The dictionary-reference book offered to the attention of readers is an encyclopedic-type publication, consisting of dictionary entries arranged in alphabetical order. The work presents a comprehensive analysis of a set of concepts, categories and terms that reflect the structure and content of the theory of social work. On this basis, in a generalized form, the social phenomena studied by this science are reflected, as well as the connections between them by fixing their essential ...

• Conflictology in social work. Textbook

  Publisher: RSSU. Year: 2014.

  The textbook examines the concepts, factors, structure and typology of conflicts in social work; stages of conflict development; destructive and constructive ways of developing conflicts; management models for the development of conflicts in social work; professional and ethical foundations and problems of social work, as well as the principles and objectives of conflict management at the present stage of development of social sciences and their specificity in the field of social work. Particular attention is paid to ...

• Social legislation aimed at protecting against poverty in Russia

  Publisher: Prospectus. Year: 2014.

  This scientific and practical guide discloses the problem of poverty as a special socio-economic and legal category that necessitates the existence in a state-organized society of a large array of social legislation aimed at protecting citizens from its negative consequences. For students, law professors, social workers, and those interested in the protection of poverty ...

• What do you owe a social security service? State social assistance and service

  Publisher: Eksmo-Press. Year: 2013. Series: Cheat sheet for the smart.

  What is the state social assistance; in what order is its appointment; who is entitled to receive medicines, spa treatment and other types of state aid; what are the rules for calculating the average per capita family income and the income of a lonely citizen; what is a social contract and in what cases assistance is provided on the basis of it? .. In this book you will find answers to all questions concerning ...

• Disabled people. Rights, benefits, support

  Publisher: Eksmo. Year: 2012. Series: Cheat sheet for the smart.

  Answers to all questions related to social protection of people with disabilities: what are the features of pension provision for people with disabilities, how the law protects children with disabilities, etc. 2nd edition ...

• Preventive psychology in the training of social educators and psychosocial workers

  Publisher: Peter. Year: 2012. Series: Textbook.

  The manual is intended to improve the psychological competence of social, psychosocial workers, social educators in working with children and families at risk to prevent social orphanhood and deviant behavior of minors. The manual analyzes the nature of deviant behavior from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary systematic approach, describes adequate reasons ... Professional and ethical foundations of social work

  Publisher: Academic Project. Year: 2011.Series: Gaudeamus.

  The manual has been developed in accordance with the requirements of the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education and is intended for the preparation of students enrolled in the specialty 04010 - "Social Work". The manual reveals the axiological potential and historical and cultural dynamics of social work as a socially helping activity and profession. Particular attention is paid to the thesaurus of the discipline reflected ...

• Social Security Law in the Russian Federation: 100 Exam Answers

  Publisher: Phoenix. Year: 2011. Series: Express-guide for students.

  The tutorial sets out the topics of the course "Social Security Law in the Russian Federation", which are included in tickets for exams and tests in accordance with the State Standard. The form of presentation chosen by the authors allows you to quickly and easily assimilate the course material. The manual is intended for students of law and economics universities, as well as universities that train ...

• Social support: lessons of crises and vectors of modernization

  Publisher: Delo. Year: 2010. Series: Economic Policy: Between Crisis and Modernity ..

  The book is devoted to the study of the level of well-being of the population of modern Russia and the system of social support for its individual vulnerable groups. The trajectories of changes in real incomes of the population at different stages of economic development are analyzed in detail - during the deep and protracted crisis of the 1990s, the stable stage of economic growth in the 2000s. and during the economic crisis of 2008-2009. In a general context, particular attention is paid to the analysis of scale ...

• Social work theory. Textbook for universities

  The manual is devoted to the theory and methods of social work, which are relevant for the training of professionals in this field. Analyzed contemporary problems scientific approaches to the theory of social work, its relationship with related fields of knowledge. The training course is systematized knowledge in the most important areas of social work as a field of cognition and social activity in various spheres of human life ...

• Social work technology. Textbook for universities

  Publisher: Academic Project. Year: 2009. Series: Gaudeamus.

  The textbook is devoted to the technologies of social work that take place in modern practice, the most important approaches that have developed in Russia and abroad are considered. Designed for students studying in the specialty "Social Work", and for social workers. 2nd edition ...

• A history of social work. High school textbook

  Publisher: Academic Project. Year: 2009. Series: Gaudeamus.

  The textbook examines the most important stages of the formation of social work in Russia and abroad from ancient times to the present day, summarizes the experience of the development of social work as a practical activity aimed at supporting a person in a difficult life situation, shows the dynamics of the formation of state and public institutions of assistance, confessional organizations. The chronological sequence reflects the tendencies of the formation of the theoretical ...

• Social protection of the employee. Life, health, business reputation

  Publisher: Economics. Year: 2008. Series: Higher education.

  This textbook is the result of the development of the content of a new course for the Russian educational system, devoted to topical problems of compensation for damage caused to the life, health and business reputation of an employee. This topic is practically not represented in the Russian educational literature and in scientific research. The authors in an accessible form set out complex theoretical and practical aspects of social protection of life, health ...

• Comprehensive support for a young family: a teaching aid for university students

  Publisher: Vlados. Year: 2008. Series: Textbook for universities.

  The textbook contains a detailed description of a young family, examines the problems that arise in it, reveals areas of comprehensive support for a young family, presents theoretical and methodological approaches to working with young families. The application contains material from the experience of social services and centers for young families, as well as tests, questionnaires used ...

• Technology of targeted social assistance "Self-sufficiency". Implementation Guide (+ CD)

  Publisher: Institute of Urban Economics. Year: 2008. Series: Social policy.

  With the help of the technology of targeted social assistance "Self-sufficiency", it is possible to improve the quality of life of low-income families with children living in rural areas. The essence of this technology is that families are provided with targeted financial assistance for the development of subsidiary farming or individual labor activity. As a result, additional sources of income appear in kind and ...

• The history of social work abroad and in Russia (from antiquity to the beginning of the twentieth century)

  The manual examines the problems of the evolution of forms and means of social assistance and support on the material of Russian and Western European history, shows the main trends and patterns of development of social work, as well as the features and specifics in solving social problems that are inherent in Russia. The manual covers the time period from the earliest times of the development of human civilization ...

• An introduction to social work. Tutorial

  Publisher: Academic Project. Year: 2006.Series: Gaudeamus.

  The specificity of social work correlates with sociology, psychology, pedagogy, valeology and conflictology. The book contains questions for self-study, exercises and practical tasks for the analysis of specific situations, a list of recommended literature. For students, graduate students, teachers of sociological specialties, as well as everyone who is interested in social work, its directions and problems. 5th edition ...

• Children's rights to additional education and socio-pedagogical support

  Publisher: Karo. Year: 2005. Series: Pedagogical series.

  The manual reveals the main directions of the activities of education workers on the observance of children's rights in the field of additional education, social and pedagogical support. The normative foundations of the observance of children's rights, information resources for the examination of the observance of children's rights to additional education and socio-pedagogical support are characterized. The approaches to the development of a program for monitoring the observance of children's rights, methodological ...

• Constitutional and legal foundations of the activities of the Russian Federation on social protection of the population

  Publisher: Heroica and Sport. Year: 2005.

  The monograph is a further development of the study of the problems set forth in the author's work "Law and social protection of the population (social law)", published in 2000 and having a notable success. This study for the first time subjects to scientific analysis the main constitutional and legal categories and institutions of social protection of the population, law enforcement in this area in a crisis ...

• Psychodiagnostics in the social work system

  The manual contains a set of techniques that allow for psychodiagnostic and consulting work with various categories of the population (children, adults, the elderly, people who have undergone severe psychotraumatic effects) by specialists in social work. The manual will help to improve the professional level of specialists, providing their activities with the necessary psychodiagnostic tools. The publication is addressed to students ...

• Organization of students' practice in social work. Study guide for students

  Publisher: Vlados. Year: 2004. Series: Textbook for universities.

  The manual was developed on the basis of the experience of universities in the preparation of specialists in social work. Contains a methodological substantiation and characteristics of the conditions for the practice of students studying in the specialty "Social work". Organizational principles and documentary support are set out in the appendices. The manual is intended for students, teachers, staff ...

• Ethics of social work. Textbook for university students

  Russian citizens live in the 21st century, in the era of digital technologies and the significant simplification of many processes due to scientific and technological progress. Therefore, the introduction of automatic mechanisms for calculating pensions is natural, Yaroslav Kabakov, Director of Strategy at FINAM Investment Company, told a REGNUM correspondent, commenting on the proposal to automatically calculate the amount of pension savings.