S.G. Urazova

Domestic history of physical culture and sports

Tutorial for students of the faculty of physical culture

Kostroma

Reviewers:

CM. Nurtdinov - Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Theoretical Foundations of Physical Education, KSU named after. ON THE. Nekrasov.

Urazova S.G. Domestic history of physical culture and sports: a textbook for students of the Faculty of Physical Culture. - Kostroma: KSU im. ON THE. Nekrasova, 2008. - 68 p.

The textbook was prepared by the Associate Professor of the Department of Theoretical Foundations of Physical Education of KSU named after. ON THE. Nekrasova Urazova S.G. and is a course of 6 topics, each of which ends with questions for self-control of students' knowledge.

This work is intended for full-time and part-time students of the Faculty of Physical Education. It can also be useful for teachers of specialized colleges, teachers of physical education.

© Urazova S.G., 2008.

© KSU im. ON THE. Nekrasova, 2008.

Physical culture in Russia from ancient times (from the 6th century) to the second half of the 19th century. ……………..…………………………………..…….. 4

Physical culture and sports in Russia in VP XIX - n. 20th century ……... sixteen

Formation and development of the Soviet system of physical education and sports (1917-1941). ………………….……………………….….….…. 42

Physical culture and sports in the USSR in 1941-1961. …….….……. 49

The development of physical culture and sports in the USSR in the 60-80s. ….…… 55

Physical culture and sports in Russian Federation. …………… 59

Literature …………………………………………………….…………… 69

Physical culture in Russia since ancient times

(from the VI century) to v.p. 19th century

Folk forms of FV.

The history of the development of the PCS in our country can be divided into three stages: from ancient times to 1917, the development of the PCS in the USSR and the development of the PCS in the Russian Federation after 1991.

The emergence of FU among the Eastern Slavs took place in almost the same way as in other regions of the world. The practice of PV began to take shape among them in the VI-IX centuries.

In primitive society upbringing was carried out mainly in the process of including children in specific activities. There were also special forms of education, which eventually turned into rituals (for example, initiations).

In primitive tribal communities, education was social in nature. Boys were trained mainly for masculine activities (hunting, making tools), and girls for women's activities (picking plants, cooking, housekeeping, caring for children).

As the tribal community collapses, educational functions are transferred to the family.

In the VI-IX centuries. the Eastern Slavs formed four social strata: communal farmers, artisans, tribal feudal nobility and pagan priesthood. For each social group, the general orientation of education was associated with the image of the ideal hero. This image embodied, as it were, the highest goal of education. Each period of historical development had its own image of a hero-hero. The ideal image of a hero-warrior is shown by ancient Russian epics and fairy tales (Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich, Nikita Kozhemyaki, Ivan the peasant son, etc.). The hero appears not only as a physically invincible person, but also as a person who is fluent in labor skills, possessing mental superiority over his enemies. According to the description of the fights of the heroes, one can judge the arsenal of their military skills. They mastered the techniques of both wrestling and hand-to-hand combat, skillfully used edged weapons, knew how to shoot from a bow, and play chess. There are descriptions of the established dynamics of the fight. First, the rivals fight on horseback: they fight with spears, blades, clubs, and then the duel continues in hand-to-hand wrestling.

In their development, some peoples passed the slave-owning period and passed from the primitive communal to the feudal. Which largely predetermined the peculiar way of development of FC.

Raising children in early feudal period carried out in the family.

By the age of 3-4, the child began to do the work that was possible for him, helping the elders, mainly the mother. Senior members of the family encouraged games that develop children's dexterity, strength, ingenuity, and form the skills necessary for future work.

From the age of 7, a new period began in the life of the child, a new stage in his upbringing. The boys moved into the age group of youths. Among the Eastern Slavs, the word "lad" meant a boy of 7-14 years old. They helped their fathers in the performance of "male" types of work, primarily in agricultural work: agriculture, animal husbandry. Girls mastered “women’s” types of work: they learned how to run a household, spin, weave, etc.

Along with labor education, adolescents learned the rules of conduct and worldview of the community. The ideological basis of education in Russia was the pagan, and then the Christian religion. Christianity has shaped the whole life of man. In the hands of the church was the judiciary, education, social life (every act required an obligatory church blessing). The interests of church and state were practically the same.

Upon reaching the age of 14, adolescents became full members of the family. At this age, they received the military training necessary for every man.

Professional warriors in the ancient Russian early feudal state were trained in special squads. The combatants represented a social group of professional warriors, already in the 7th century. living in special fortified camps. From the age of 12, future combatants underwent military training in special grid houses. The training of combatants was the only currently known organized form of military physical education among the Eastern Slavs in the 6th-9th centuries. It was carried out mainly directly during military campaigns or in the course of hostilities.

The famous Russian historian S.M. Solovyov wrote about the military-physical qualities of the ancient Slavs: "... the Slavs were especially distinguished by the art of swimming and hiding in rivers ... The armament of the Slavs consisted of two small spears, some had shields, they also used wooden bows and small arrows smeared with poison."

The first written source that speaks of ancient physical exercises is the first ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years". Its author is the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor. This book (it was written at the beginning of the 12th century) says that the ancestors of the Russians - Radimichi, Vyatichi and northerners - lived in the forests, but in their free time from work they “... arranged games between the villages, which converged almost all people from young to old. During the games, competitions were held in various jumps, wrestling, hand-to-hand combat, "bear wrestling", running games, archery, horse racing, etc.

The main characters of the ancient Slavic chronicles were the princes. In their images, the authors saw the ideal to which a person should strive in life.

The first image of a wrestling fight dates back to 1197, when the Dmitrovsky Cathedral was built in Vladimir. It has a bas-relief depicting a scene of a struggle. Experts in wrestling, having studied this image, confidently assert that at that time there were already such types of wrestling as “girth” and “belt” wrestling, in which throws with the help of the legs were prohibited.

The mass folk form of physical education in Russia was fisticuffs . The demarcation of the fight against fisticuffs took place for a long time. As a result, the ban on strikes in wrestling has become a common practice. As a result of this “softening”, wrestling, on the one hand, lost something in the applied combat relation, on the other hand, opened up broader ways for its development in the sports direction, for improving already purely wrestling techniques and tactics.

The traditions of fisticuffs have existed on our land since ancient times. And if written evidence speaks of the existence of fisticuffs in our country in the 10th century, then there is other information - that they were an indispensable part of ancient games. Over time, the custom of fisticuffs disappeared among the Western and Southern Slavs.

Fisticuffs were practiced in three varieties: one-on-one (“one-on-one”), “wall-to-wall” and “clutch-dump”.

The “one-on-one” fight was close to the old English bare-knuckle boxing, but differed from it in less cruelty. Before starting the fight, the rivals hugged and kissed each other three times, demonstrating the absence of any enmity between them. With the fall of one of the fighters, the fight stopped, while in English boxing the beating of the lying one continued (it was forbidden only in 1743).

However, the most beloved and most widespread in Russia were mass wall-to-wall battles.

"Coupling-dump" - massive and mischievous a kind of battle where everyone fought for himself and against everyone else. It ceased to exist a very long time ago.

The rules of fisticuffs have been formed for a long time. The first important step was the complete disengagement with stick fighting. Fist fighting has become an exclusively unarmed fight. Further, kicks and the use of legs for throws were prohibited. Many localities had their own peculiarities in the rules, but over time they became the same for all of Russia. One of the rules of fisticuffs has even become a proverb, symbolizing Russian nobility in battle: “They don’t beat the recumbent.” There was a rule according to which a fighter, usually one who received too strong a blow, could squat down, and no one dared to touch him, as if he was lying down. The rule of fighting only with fists, without any metal "bookmarks", was very strictly observed. Those convicted of this were punished mercilessly: they were severely beaten not only by strangers, but also by their own.

At the same time, in the upper strata of society, a negative and contemptuous attitude towards fisticuffs was established. Most of the Russian tsars tried to ban them, but all attempts were in vain. There were objective reasons for this.

For the XIII first half of the XV centuries. Russia withstood more than 160 wars. In the XVIII century. she fought for 60 years. Therefore, military orientation prevailed in physical training, in particular fisticuffs.

Russian Orthodox Church opposed folk games and FU. From s. 16th century (1551) fisticuffs were prohibited by church laws, and in the village. 17th century (1648), they were also banned by secular authorities, when Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (father of Peter I), under pressure from the clergy, issued a decree banning folk games and amusements.

But the people carefully kept and passed on from generation to generation their national traditions, games, exercises. A number of our first boxers, before joining this sport, already had some experience in "wall" fisticuffs.

Equestrian and foot competitions, martial arts formed moral traits and developed motor qualities. The people especially appreciated courage and determination, physical strength when lifting weights. There were special rules for armwrestling while sitting, standing and various types of wrestling. Entertainment was integral part of all holidays, and those who wanted to participate in a fistfight for entertainment chose among themselves the “main ones” who were supposed to appear at the police, where their names were recorded and the places for the fights were indicated. And only in these places, under the supervision of “those sotsk, fifties and tenths”, battles could be fought. Thus, the noble monarchy, represented by Catherine I, who issued a decree "On fisticuffs" (1726), sought to regulate popular martial arts. However, this decree was not supported by an appropriate control and financing mechanism and in fact did not always work.

Elizaveta Petrovna also tried to improve the "regulations" of Peter I in the Neva Flotilla, but, unfortunately, the regulation of rowing and sailing, boxing in Russia failed.

The inventions of folk craftsmen contributed to the accelerated development of applied, technical sports.

The peoples of Russia highly valued games that reveal prudence and sharpness of mind, receptivity and curiosity, honesty and truthfulness, respect for elders and hospitality - “wolves and sheep”, “geese-swans”, “kite”, “cauldron”, “balloons” and etc.

Folk forms of physical education are especially interesting for such an estate in Russia as Cossacks . It can be considered a system of applied physical training. At the heart of the ideological orientation was the education of the Cossacks of devotion to their army, love for their native land. The system had a clearly defined applied goal - preparation for military and labor activity. The system was universal: it covered the entire male population from childhood to old age. Military physical exercises were systematically included among the Cossacks in games, reviews, hunting, holidays, military campaigns, i.e. a variety of forms and means of physical training was presented. At the heart of the used methods of training military exercise lay an empirical approach - an example, imitation, copying, experience.

The Cossacks as a military estate in Russia began to take shape from the 14th century, they were free people who worked for hire and carried out military service in the border regions. The tsarist government sought to use the Cossacks to protect their borders and in wars. In the XVIII century. it subjugated the Cossacks, turning them into a privileged military class. By the beginning of the twentieth century. in the Russian Empire there were 11 Cossack troops (territories) .

The military-physical education of the Cossacks (for example, in the Don Cossack army) began from birth, when military symbols were brought to the baby as a gift - an arrow, gunpowder, a bow, a gun, etc. When his teeth erupted, his parents put him on a horse and took him to church to serve a prayer service so that their son would become a brave Cossack. Three-year-old children themselves rode horses around the yard, and at five they galloped through the streets and participated in children's military games. Nineteen-year-old guys (youngsters) were recorded in the service Cossacks. The military ataman appointed a place where chieftains with old men and all youngsters gathered from 20-30 or more villages on the best thoroughbred horses, in full armament: with pikes, long guns, sabers, bows, etc. He settled there for two weeks to a month a review of young Cossacks, during which the agility of horses in a race was tested, the ability to shoot at a target at full gallop, gallop at full speed with a saber or a gun, pick up a coin or whip from the ground at full gallop. There were also tests in duels between two Cossacks on horseback in a fight with whips, as well as mass crossings of riders across the river in full armor. Distinguished young Cossacks were awarded by the military ataman with bridles, weapons, etc., which was considered very honorable. By evening, fistfights were usually arranged.

On holidays, the Cossacks organized wrestling competitions, various types of running, ball games, leapfrog, grandmother, etc., but shooting and horse racing were especially popular. The favorite pastimes of the Cossacks were hunting and fishing.

No one specially dealt with the FV of girls and Cossack girls. They acquired the necessary hardening and dexterity by working around the house, as well as in games (kremeshki, blind man's buff, bast shoes).

Folk games were the main means of introducing the children of peoples North to hunting, fishing, reindeer herding, gathering, housekeeping. Often girls also participated in these games.

Thus, with the practically absent state forms of PE in feudal Russia, folk forms played a decisive role in the physical preparation of the population. Among them are national types of wrestling, fisticuffs, military-physical training of the Russian Cossacks, national games and entertainment related to motor activity. The content of folk FU was due to regional characteristics, living and working conditions, and traditions. Almost all the nationalities that inhabited our country cultivated their folk types of FU, which could not be destroyed either by the prohibitions of the clergy or the decrees of the tsarist government.

In v.p. XIX - n. 20th century

Out-of-school PV of students.

After the first Russian revolution (1905-1907), the government, frightened by the revolutionary movement in the country and the active participation of Russian youth in it, began to strive to create youth sports organizations in order to best contribute to the formation of political views among students. The created organizations could be divided into the following types:

For elementary school students (mainly children of workers and peasants) - organizations of "amusing";

For students of secondary educational institutions (children of privileged segments of the population) - organizations of "Boy Scouts";

Various sports and gymnastic organizations and societies for the promotion of physical education of young people.

"Funny" engaged in the study of the military system and gymnastics. They were held mainly by retired non-commissioned officers and were not of interest to all children. In addition, the approaching war forced the government to think first of all about the military training of adults, not children, so in 1912 the last royal reviews of "amusing organizations" took place.

In the "Boy Scout" detachments (since 1910), much attention was paid to ideological and political education in combination with physical exercises and training, and great importance was attached to encouraging the activity and independence of children. The goals of the scout organizations were: to train the commanders of the reserve of the armed forces, to divert them from the revolutionary struggle, to create support among the student youth and to instill active patriotic sentiments among the intelligentsia. Scout organizations used "Sokol" gymnastics, athletics and outdoor games. Some organizations used swimming, sports games, rowing, fencing, cycling, military-applied exercises, unarmed defense and attack techniques, and horseback riding. Various competitions were often held within such organizations.

Along with the groups of "amusing" and scouts, other gymnastic and sports organizations encouraged by the government began to be created. Circles of "Sokol" gymnastics spread faster than others. The Ministry of National Education encouraged these circles in every possible way; supplied expensive equipment, arranged gymnastic falconry holidays for students, invited experienced leaders from abroad. Among the students, gymnastics competitions were organized, the programs of which, in addition to floor exercises, vaults and exercises on shells, also included 100-meter running, long and high jumps, javelin throwing, squeezing weights for the number of times and other types.

Thus, progressive ideas in the field of physical activity of children have found their application in the practice of advanced activities for the end of the XIX-n.XX centuries. experienced private schools in Russia. And although there were few such schools for Russia, much of this rich heritage has not lost its value and significance even today.

In general, despite the implementation of a number of reforms, the formulation of PE in the educational institutions of Russia during this period was extremely unsatisfactory. The activities of public physical culture and sports organizations did not differ in mass character. Shortcomings in the PE of young people closed the prospects for sports passion before her.

Formation of the Russian Olympic Committee. Russian Olympiads 1913 and 1914

In 1894, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was established in Paris. It also included a representative of Russia - General Alexey Dmitrievich Butovsky (1838-1917).

Butovsky began his service as an educational officer in one of the military gymnasiums in St. Petersburg, where, on his own initiative, he organizes classes with students outside the curriculum in fencing, gymnastics, outdoor games and other types of physical exercises, organizes courses in the physical education of officers. Gradually, the name of Butovsky becomes widely known in Russia as a recognized authority in the field of physical education. This prompted the military leadership to invite him to work in the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions of the Ministry of War (GUVUZ) as an official for special assignments. In 1885-1890. he was sent to European countries to study the experience of the organization physical education.

In 1888, Butovsky was appointed a member of the commission under the Ministry of Education to develop the issue of teaching military gymnastics as an academic discipline in civilian educational institutions.

In 1890, Butovsky was instructed to organize "temporary summer courses" for the training of officers-educators of the cadet corps to lead physical education. He directed these courses for 16 years, lectured on the history, theory and methodology of bodily exercises. But Butovsky understood that the system of training physical education teachers needed to be improved; create an educational institution in Russia to train such specialists. In 1909, the Main Gymnastics and Fencing School was opened in St. Petersburg. In it, Butovsky acted both as an organizer of the creation and as a teacher (he lectured on the history and theory and methods of physical education).

Butovsky's personal acquaintance with Pierre de Coubertin took place in 1892 in France, where he studied the teaching of gymnastic and athletic disciplines in educational institutions in Germany, France and Sweden. Coubertin's ideas about the revival of the Olympic Games turned out to be close to Butovsky. Despite the fact that Butovsky was 25 years older than Coubertin, they easily found mutual understanding on the key issues to which they devoted their lives. A correspondence began between them. It is no coincidence that General Butovsky was among those invited to the International Athletic Congress in Paris. Despite the fact that circumstances did not allow Butovsky to come to Paris, his candidacy was included in the list of the first 13 members of the IOC.

Butovsky sought to ensure that the National Olympic Committee was created by the opening of the Games of the First Olympiad in Russia. But this did not happen during Butovsky's stay as a member of the IOC until 1900. The reasons for this: the lack of serious state support, lack of finances, the weakness and disunity of sports unions, as well as the mistrust of many skeptics.

The Games of the First Olympiad made such a strong impression on General Butovsky that when he returned home, he wrote an essay "Athens in the Spring of 1896", in which he depicted the events of the First Olympiad. The Russian Review magazine (Moscow) published the essay as a separate pamphlet. In this work, Butovsky concludes that the Olympic Games were a success.

Returning from Athens to St. Petersburg, Butovsky became an even more active propagandist of the Olympic ideas, proving the need for Russia's participation in the international Olympic movement and the creation of the NOC.

Despite clear progress, Russian athletes were unable to participate in the 1900 and 1904 Olympic Games.

Only in 1908, at the initiative of Russian sports clubs and unions, Russian athletes went to the Games in London. A small group could not be considered the official team of the country. The Russian Olympic Committee was created only in 1911, and the first official performance of the Russian team at the Olympic Games took place in 1912 in Sweden. But even before that, Russia's participation in the IOC did not stop.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Kolomenkin (1872-1956) is known as one of the most outstanding Russian sportsmen of the XX century. He forever went down in the history of the Olympic movement as the only representative of Russian sports who was awarded the gold Olympic award in the pre-revolutionary period. It happened in London in 1908. Being a government official, N. Kolomenkin, given the ambiguous attitude to sports in Russia on the part of the bureaucracy, decided to perform under the pseudonym "Panin". It was under this name that he became widely known as one of the most outstanding athletes of pre-revolutionary Russia.

It is noteworthy that Nikolai Panin managed to achieve excellent results in sports such as tennis, football, rowing, sailing. The athlete achieved particular success in shooting and figure skating. Panin-Kolomenkin is a 12-time champion of Russia in pistol shooting and 11-time champion in combat revolver shooting.

In 1908, for the first time, the names of Russian athletes appeared in the protocols of the Olympic competitions. In the application sent to the Organizing Committee of the IV Olympiad, 8 people were represented: figure skater N. Panin-Kolomenkin, classical style wrestlers Nikolai Orlov and A. Petrov, Evgeny Zamotin and Georgy Demin. The debut was successful: three athletes won Olympic medals. The gold medal was won by Nikolai Panin, the silver medals were awarded to wrestlers: lightweight Nikolai Orlov and heavyweight Alexander Petrov.

The successful debut of Russian athletes at the London Olympics caused a positive response in Russia, especially among young people: in 1908, youth competitions called the Yalta Olympic Games were held in Yalta, and in 1913 the Odessa Olympic Games were held.

But the need to create a National Olympic Committee was also revealed.

The Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) was created at the constituent assembly of sports societies in St. Petersburg May 16, 1911., but its Charter was approved only a year later.

The membership of the ROC included 13 people. The chairmen of 31 Russian sports and gymnastic societies and institutions unanimously elected V.I. Sreznevsky as the Acting Chairman of the ROK.

Social and pedagogical activity Vyacheslav Izmailovich Sreznevsky (1849-1937) began in the "Petersburg Society of Skating Fans" (1877) and continued in Russia until 1923. From childhood he was a fan of speed skating and figure skating, speaking at competitions in Russia and abroad.

In 1883, he was among the judges at international competitions in Helsingfors, where the outstanding Russian athlete A.P. became the winner. Lebedev.

Sreznevsky supported talented skaters A.N. Panshina, A.P. Lebedeva, N.A. Panin-Kolomenkina and others. He did a lot to improve the system of figure skating. This work was subsequently completed by Panin-Kolomenkin, publishing in 1910 the first book not only in Russia, but also in the world on the theory of figure skating.

IN AND. Sreznevsky remained the permanent Chairman and Honorary Member of the society until 1917. He actively participated in international skating congresses, was an indispensable member of the judging panels and permanent secretary general meetings members of the society.

After the formation of the ROC, its local branches are created: the St. Petersburg, Kiev, Odessa and Baltic Olympic Committees.

The Russian team, which officially performed for the first time in Stockholm at the Games of the V Olympiad, performed unsuccessfully. One of the two silver medals of the Russian team was won in the wrestling competition by Martin Klein. The second silver Olympic award for Russia was won by the shooting team. The representative of Russia, Harry Blau, took third place in the competition in shooting from a gun at flying targets - "pigeons". The bronze medal was also won by Russian yachtsmen in the 10 m class. The strongest saber fighter in Russia, Captain V. Andreev, was awarded a special diploma from the Swedish Olympic Committee for excellent saber fights.

In order to prepare Russian athletes for international competitions, it was decided to hold Russian Olympiads annually.

The program, rules and scoring system, the procedure for awarding the winners at these complex all-Russian competitions were approximately the same as at the Olympic Games. The holding of such competitions became possible after the formation of the Russian Olympic Committee.

The first step towards the implementation of the idea of ​​organizing the Russian Olympics was the decision to organize the "International Amateur Olympic Games of the All-Russian Exhibition of 1913" After negotiations with the ROC, it was decided to hold the Games in Kiev. honorary chairman First Russian Olympiad(as it was decided to call her) became Major General V.N. Voeikov. The Organizing Committee as honorary members included: V.I. Sreznevsky, G.A. Duperron, V.I. Sarnavsky. A.K. was appointed Chairman of the Organizing Committee. Anokhin is a well-known writer and propagandist of physical culture and sports, doctor.

The Russian Olympics was supported by the government (they were allocated 20 thousand rubles for the Games in Kiev), a number of patrons. In the spring of 1913, the estimate, program and rules of the Games were approved. At the same time, the Kiev Olympic Committee arose, which was entrusted with a lot of organizational work.

The grand opening of the Olympics took place on August 20 on the main field of the new stadium for 10,000 spectators. The Olympics took place over 5 days. The prizes of the Games were contested by 579 athletes from 15 unions, clubs and military units of nine Russian cities.

The competition program of the gymnasts who competed on the stadium field included a horizontal bar, parallel bars, horse and rings. Representatives of the St. Petersburg Main Military Gymnastics and Fencing School won the group competitions, and the St. Petersburg gymnast, lieutenant Waterkampf won the singles competition.

Swimming competitions were held on the Dnieper under the program of the Olympic Games. The winners were: representatives of the Shuvalov school, headed by an instructor from the water rescue society N. Sukhikh, with new Russian records: 100 m - V. Kolpakov - 1.23.5; 100 m backstroke - Hameläinen - 1.51.5; 200 m - N. Proselkin-Gorshukov - 3.44. They also led the way in diving.

According to the composition of the participants, weightlifting competitions were numerous. The program included a right hand pull, a one hand push, a two hand pull, and a two hand push. In the overall standings, the victory went to Jan Krause, a heavyweight from the Riga Athletic Society, who set the All-Russian record in the clean and jerk with one hand - 230 pounds. He was the best in both the two-handed snatch (250 pounds), the bench press (233 pounds) and the two-handed clean and jerk (320 pounds).

In equestrian dressage competitions, the Cup of Honor and the gold medal of the Games were won by Staff Captain Pozharsky from the Moscow Cavalry Officer School.

The competition of equestrians on combat horses was won by captain Reznikov. Program: steeple chase for 4 versts, run for 30 versts, dressage.

174 people participated in athletics competitions. With new Russian records - (12 m 90 cm) the competition in the triple jump was won by V. Romanov from St. Petersburg; in the high jump competition (145 cm) – G. Ganvarg from St. Petersburg; in "length without run-up" (3 m 02 cm) - from Kiev B. Balanevich; relay races 4x100 m (46.2) and 4x400 m (3.54.4) - runners of the Kiev circle "Sport".

Muscovite A. Chistyakov excelled in hammer throwing, who improved his skills with the help of a film shot at the Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912.

On the last day of the Games, women took part in the athletics program. For the first time women athletes performed at the Olympic Games in Amsterdam in 1928. This was ambiguously accepted in society, most of which considered it indecent and even ridiculous. The heroine was N. Popova. She first took part in the "women's rapier fight", then set the All-Russian record in the 100 m with a score of 13.1 (exceeding the world achievement by 0.7 s.). She was also the first with the All-Russian record in the long jump without a run-up - 2 m 70 cm.

For the first time in history, competitions were held for marathon runners who covered 38 versts 56 sazhens (≈40 km 200 m) between Kiev and Chernigov. Of the 15 starters, 11 finished. N. Maksimov from St. Petersburg won the race with a result of 3 hours and 3 minutes. (the first highest achievement of Russian athletes).

Wrestlers, football players, cyclists also competed, and in addition, fencing with rapiers, swords and espadrons, tennis, shooting, rowing and sailing races.

In addition to medals and tokens, the winners of the Games were also awarded special prizes named after Nicholas II, the Grand Dukes and ministers. The organizers and participants of the Games received a silver badge, the sketch of which was personally approved by Nicholas II.

In general, the results of the First Russian Olympics became a real reflection of Russian sports, which then clearly lagged behind the advanced European countries in development: the results of these Games were lower than those shown by the best athletes at the Olympic Games in Stockholm.

Second Russian Olympiad, organized by the Baltic Olympic Committee, took place from 6 to 20 July 1914 in Riga. Dr. A. Lindemuth was elected Chairman of the Organizing Committee. Honorary members of the Organizing Committee were V.N. Voeikov, V.I. Sreznevsky, Count G.I. Ribopierre, G.A. Duperron.

Only Russian citizens could compete in the competition. Foreign nationals and natives of Finland, who represented organizations that were not members of the All-Russian Unions, were not allowed. It was also necessary to comply with the status of an amateur athlete. According to the rules, “an amateur is not considered a person who goes in for sports with the aim of deriving monetary benefits from this activity, as well as a person who knowingly and without protest takes part in a public and paid competition with professionals; paid teachers and instructors in certain parts of the sport are not considered amateurs only in the part of the sport they teach.”

Athletes from 50 organizations and military units from 24 cities of the Russian Empire gathered in Riga.

The program of the Second Russian Olympiad included gymnastics, athletics, cycling, fencing, wrestling, swimming, lawn tennis, motorcycle racing, football, weightlifting, equestrianism, and shooting.

Such a variety of sports programs attracted an unprecedented number of participants - 1000 people. Riga was represented best of all - about 300 athletes. Then came St. Petersburg - 200 participants, Kiev - 150, Moscow - 70. Other cities sent small teams.

As in Kiev, the gymnasts of the Main Military Gymnastics and Fencing School from St. Petersburg won in all types of gymnastics. For the second time, the team was awarded the challenge cup of General Voeikov.

All-Russian records were set in the athletics competitions, which took place over 6 days. Muscovite V. Arkhipov ran 100 m in 10.8 s.

The best results at the Olympics were achieved in javelin throw - 52 m 98 cm (Shvedrevits, Riga), high jump - 180 cm (Abrams, Revel), discus throw - 41 m 15 cm (Sukatnek, Vindava) - all these are country records.

The low level of organization of competitions was reflected in the marathon run. Instead of 4 pm it started at 9.30 pm. Of the 19 runners who started, 12 finished the competition. The winner was Kapmal from Riga with a time of 2 hours 59 minutes 20 seconds (distance 40 km 200 m).

Revel runner Williamsen showed a time of 2.2.2 s at a distance of 800 m.

The Riga Olympics has become a significant step in the development of Olympic ideas in Russia. In 1914-1916. in its various regions, competitions with Olympic symbols were held.

It was planned to hold both the III Olympiad - in St. Petersburg, and the IV - in Moscow. However, the outbreak of the First World War did not allow these intentions to be realized.

The history of the development of physical culture

The physical perfection of a person is not a gift of nature, but a consequence of his purposeful formation (N.G. Chernyshevsky).

The harmonious combination of intellect, physical and spiritual forces was highly valued by man throughout his development and improvement. Great men in their writings emphasized the extreme importance of the comprehensive development of youth, without highlighting the priority of physical or spiritual education, deeply understanding; to what extent the overestimation, the accentuated formation of any qualities lead to a violation of the harmonious development of the personality.

The term ʼʼcultureʼʼ, which appeared during the period of the emergence of human society, is far from unambiguous, closely related to such concepts; as ʼʼcultivationʼʼ, ʼʼprocessingʼʼ, ʼʼeducationʼʼ, ʼʼeducationʼʼ, ʼʼdevelopmentʼʼ; ʼʼworshipʼʼ. This term in modern society covers a wide range of transformative activities and its results in the form of corresponding values, in particular, ʼʼtransformation of one's own natureʼʼ.

Physical culture is a part (subsystem) of the general culture of mankind, which is a creative activity to master the past and create new values, mainly in the field of development, health improvement and education of people.

In order to develop, educate and improve a person, physical culture uses the capabilities of the individual, the natural forces of nature, the achievements of the human sciences, specific scientific results and attitudes of medicine, hygiene, anatomy, physiology, psychology, pedagogy, military affairs, etc.
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Physical culture, organically woven into the professional, industrial, economic, social relations of people, has a significant impact on them, fulfilling a humanistic and cultural-creative mission, which today, in the period of higher education reforms and the revision of the essence of previous concepts, is especially valuable and significant.

Academician N.I. Ponomarev, relying on the results of the study of extensive material, came to the conclusion, which became fundamental for the history of the emergence and initial development of physical education, that "man became a man not only in the course of the development of tools, but also in the course of constant improvement of himself, human body. The human body as the main productive forceʼʼ. In this development, hunting, as a form of work, played a decisive role. It was during this period that a person appreciated the benefits of new skills, vital movements, qualities of strength, endurance, speed.

Archeology and ethnography have made it possible to trace the development of man, and consequently, of physical culture, since ancient times. The results of scientific research allow us to conclude that from labor movements, vital actions, physical culture emerged into an almost independent type of human activity in the period from 40 to 25 millennia BC. The appearance of throwing weapons, and later the bow, contributed to the extreme importance of preparing food foragers, warriors, to develop and improve even then, in the Stone Age, physical education systems that appeared, motor qualities as a guarantee of successful hunting, protection from the enemy, etc.

It is also of interest that many peoples have traditions and customs of using physical culture, its educational component in initiation rituals when moving from one age group to another. For example, young men were not allowed to marry until certain tests were completed - tests, and girls were not allowed to marry until they proved their fitness for independent living.

So, on one of the islands of the New Hybrids archipelago, holidays were held annually, culminating in ʼʼjumping from a towerʼʼ on land (L. Kuhn). A participant in this competition, to whose ankles a fixed rope of vines was tied, flies headfirst from a height of 30 m. When the head almost touches the ground, elastic vines contract and throw the person up, and he lands smoothly on his feet. In those distant times, those who did not pass this test were not allowed to the initiation ceremony, could not appear in public.

The physical culture of the primitive period, developing stamina, strong will, physical training of each member of the tribe, brought up among the tribesmen a sense of community in protecting their interests.

Of particular interest is the physical culture of Ancient Greece, where those who could not read, write and swim were considered 'illiterate' (Ageevets V.U., 1983), physical education in the ancient Greek states of Sparta and Athens, where gymnastics, fencing, horseback riding, swimming were taught , running from the age of 7͵ wrestling and fisticuffs - from the age of 15.

An example characterizing the level of development of physical culture in these states was the organization and holding of the Olympic Games.

The great people of antiquity known to the whole world were also great athletes: the philosopher Plato - a fist fighter, the mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras - an Olympic champion, Hippocrates - a swimmer, a wrestler.

All peoples had mythical heroes with supernatural physical and spiritual abilities: Hercules and Achilles - among the Greeks, Gilgames - among the Babylonians, Samson - among the Jews, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich - among the Slavs. People, exalting their exploits, victories in competitions, the fight against evil and the forces of nature, strove to be healthy, strong, skillful and hardworking themselves, which, of course, was reflected in the characteristics of education, physical education, and physical culture.

It makes sense to emphasize the importance of physical culture for the Greeks in the words of the great Aristotle: ʼʼNothing exhausts and destroys a person like prolonged physical inactivityʼʼ.

Military physical education is characteristic of the Middle Ages. The warrior-knight had to master the seven knightly virtues: horseback riding, fencing, archery, swimming, hunting, playing chess and the ability to compose poetry.

The greatest development in the capitalist society was sport as an integral part of physical culture. Various forms of physical exercise have long been known to the Russian people. Games, swimming, skiing, wrestling, fisticuffs, horseback riding and hunting were widespread already in Ancient Russia. Various games were also widely used: bast shoes, towns, grandmas, leapfrog and many others.

The physical culture of the Russian people was distinguished by great originality and originality. In physical exercises common among Russians in the XIII-XVI centuries. their military and paramilitary character was clearly expressed.
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Horse riding, archery, steeplechase were favorites in Russia folk entertainment. Mass distribution had such types of competitions as fisticuffs, which until the beginning of the 20th century. played a significant role as one of the basic folk original forms of physical education.

Cross-country skiing, skating and sledding, etc., were very popular among Russians. One of the original means of physical education was hunting, which served not only for fishing purposes, but also to show one's dexterity and fearlessness (for example, hunting a bear with a horn).

Hardening was carried out in an extremely peculiar way in Russia. It is a well-known Russian custom to douse yourself with cold water or wipe yourself with snow immediately after a stay in a hot bath. Valuable original types of physical exercises were also distributed among other peoples that became part of the multinational Russian state created later.

The emergence and strengthening of the noble empire of Peter I (XVIII century) influenced the development of physical culture at the state level. This affected, first of all, the combat training of troops, physical education in educational institutions, and partly the education of the nobility.

It was in the era of the reforms of Peter I that physical exercises began to be used for the first time in Russia in the system of training soldiers and officers. At the same time, physical exercises, mainly fencing and horseback riding, were introduced as an academic discipline at the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences (1701 ᴦ.), at the Naval Academy and other educational institutions. Under Peter I, physical exercises were also introduced in civil gymnasiums, and rowing and sailing classes were organized for young people. These measures were the first steps taken by the state to lead the cause of physical culture.

In the future, physical exercises are increasingly used in educational institutions, and especially in the system of military education. Much credit for this belongs to the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov.

In the second half of the XIX century. among young people, modern sports begin to develop in the form of sports circles and clubs. The first gymnastic and sports societies and clubs appear. In 1897 ᴦ. Petersburg, the first football team was created, and in 1911 ᴦ. organized by the All-Russian Football Union, uniting 52 clubs.

At the beginning of the XX century. in St. Petersburg, sports societies arose: ʼʼMayakʼʼ, ʼʼBogatyrʼʼ. Various sports organizations and clubs were united by 1917 ᴦ. a fairly large number of amateur athletes. At the same time, there were no conditions for the development of mass sports. For this reason, in the conditions of pre-revolutionary Russia, individual athletes managed to show world-class results only thanks to natural data and the perseverance with which they trained. These are well-known - Poddubny, Zaikin, Eliseev and others.

With the advent of Soviet power, pursuing the goal of mass military training of workers and the education of physically hardened army fighters, in April 1918 ᴦ. Decree on the organization of general military training (Vseobucha) was adopted. Per short term 2 thousand sports grounds were built, In 1918 ᴦ. the first IFC in the country is organized in Moscow and Leningrad. The question arose of strengthening the state forms of management of physical culture and sports work in the country. July 27, 1923 ᴦ. the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR on the organization of scientific, educational and organizational work in physical education is published.

Adopted July 13, 1925 ᴦ. the resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) ʼʼOn the tasks of the party in the field of physical cultureʼʼ was a program for the development of the physical culture movement in the new conditions of a socialist society. The resolution defined the essence of physical culture and its place in the Soviet state, emphasized its educational significance, pointed out the extreme importance of involving the broad masses of workers, peasants, and young students in the physical culture movement.

In honor of the 10th anniversary of physical culture in the USSR (counting from the moment of the organization of Vseobuch) in 1928, the All-Union Spartakiad was held, which attracted over 7 thousand participants.

In 1931-1932 he. the sports complex ʼʼReady for Labor and Defense of the USSRʼʼ, developed by a special commission of the All-Union Council of Physical Culture under the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, is introduced. Over the years of the complex's existence, more than 2.5 million people passed its norms. In 1939 ᴦ. introduced a new improved TRP complex and in the same year an annual holiday is being established - the All-Union Day of the Athlete. The policy of the state was also aimed at the development of mass tourism. The sections of tourism, mountaineering - climbing and later orienteering were in post-war years in almost every educational institution, at enterprises, factories. The club system began to develop. Tourist clubs have become methodological and educational centers. The clubs trained instructors, coaches, section leaders. It should be said that the first tourist club in the USSR was organized in the city of Rostov-on-Don in 1937 ᴦ. It was a universal club that brought together lovers of all types of travel. The clubhouse was very modest. It was located in two large backyards. Here is how the magazine ʼʼOn Land and Seaʼʼ wrote about the club's work plans: ʼʼHere tourists have the opportunity to exchange experience in work, discuss plans for their travels, get advice on organizing studies in tourism technology. There is no doubt that the form of club-tourist work will fully justify itself. Methodological, consulting and reference material on all types of amateur tourism is placed on the walls of the rooms. There is a climber's, cyclist's and pedestrian's corner here. Where can you go in the summer, where and how to spend a day off? Dozens of route posters answer this question. The club has sections: walking, water, cycling and climbing. In the near future, geographical, local history and photo circles will be organized. The club held a consultation on how to organize tourist and excursion work at the enterprise, and lectures with transparencies about Kazbek and Elbrus. At the same time, it was planned to organize evenings of meetings of the tourist activists and hold them for workers in factory local committees. Until the Great Patriotic War, the Rostov Club of Tourists remained the only one in the country. After the war, it was organized again in October 1961 ᴦ.

During the Great Patriotic War, Soviet athletes contributed to the victory over the enemy. A number of athletes were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. invaluable help Soviet army provided by skiers and swimmers.

In 1957 ᴦ. there were more than 1,500 stadiums, more than 5 thousand sports grounds, about 7 thousand gyms, the stadium named after. IN AND. Lenin in Luzhniki, etc.

After 1948 ᴦ. athletes of the USSR over 5 thousand times updated all-Union records almost a thousand times - world records. The Spartakiads of the peoples of the USSR played an important role.

Every year, international relations in sports are expanding. We are members of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Council for Physical Education and Sports (CIEPS), the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS) and many others, members of the International Federation for 63 sports.

The Russian Student Sports Union (RSSS) was established in 1993 ᴦ. Today, the RSSS is recognized as a single body for the management of student sports of the Russian Federation in higher education. Ministries and departments that manage higher educational institutions, the Russian State Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism, RSCC actively cooperate with the Russian Olympic Committee, being its member, with government bodies, various youth organizations. RSSS joined the International University Sports Federation (FISU), takes an active part in all its events.

RSSS unites sports clubs, various physical culture organizations of more than 600 higher and 2500 secondary specialized educational institutions of the country. In the structure of the RSSS, regional bodies for managing student sports have been created. For sports, gyms, stadiums, swimming pools, ski bases, sports grounds of higher and secondary educational institutions are at the disposal of students. 290 sports and recreation camps operate in universities to organize summer holidays. About 10 thousand specialists conduct regular classes in physical culture and sports with students. More than 50 sports are cultivated in higher educational institutions in Russia, the most popular of which are basketball, athletics, cross-country skiing, volleyball, football, table tennis, tourism, chess, and orienteering.

The Russian Student Sports Union annually holds national and regional championships in sports included in the programs of the World Universiade and World Championships among students. In many sports, students make up the majority of Russian national teams and take part in the European and World Championships and the Olympic Games. RSSS is the legal successor of the abolished student DSO ʼʼBurevestnikʼʼ, continues its idea and traditions. In the near future, it is planned to hold winter and summer All-Russian Universiades, the regular publication of its own printed organ, the creation of a fund for the development of student sports, the release of student sports lotteries and other events aimed at implementing the statutory tasks.

The history of the development of physical culture - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "History of the development of physical culture" 2017, 2018.

As you know, physical culture, along with material and spiritual types of culture, is an extremely versatile phenomenon that has always occupied an important place in people's lives. Perhaps, it is physical culture that is the very first type of culture of an individual and society, representing a basic, fundamental layer, an integrating link of a common culture. The validity of such a conclusion is confirmed by the facts indicating that its various elements played important role at all stages of the origin and development of mankind since the most ancient times.

The history of physical culture and sports goes back thousands of years. The information available to scientists suggests that physical culture arose about 40 thousand years BC. The very fact of the origin and subsequent development of its elements in the life of primitive people, long before the appearance of state forms of physical education (their appearance dates back to the 1st millennium BC), indicates an urgent need, an objective necessity of physical culture in the life of a primitive society.

For a correct understanding of the role and significance of physical culture and sports, it is of great importance to consider the causes of their origin in the depths of primitive society, which are closely related to the problems of education.

Physical education in conditions primitive society , despite its primitive nature, has already played a significant role in shaping a person's way of life. Due to its close connection with work, life and accessibility for all members of a tribe or clan, it gradually occupied an increasingly important place in the development of society.

One of the main conditions for the successful development of society at any stage of its existence is the process of transferring accumulated experience from generation to generation. However, such experience cannot be inherited biologically (as, for example, signs of similarity are inherited from parents to children). Therefore, humanity needed fundamentally different, suprabiological, mechanisms of social inheritance. This mechanism has become upbringing. Already at the very initial stages of human existence, means, methods and techniques appear, with the help of which the experience of previous generations in improving the tools of labor, overcoming the forces of nature, subordinating them to the will of man, etc. passed on to the next generations. These means, methods and forms formed the basis for the emergence of organized forms of education and upbringing.

In the early stages of the development of human society, such education was predominantly physical. His main tool was physical exercise. The emergence and purposeful use of physical exercises contributed to an increase in the efficiency of labor and military activities, thus becoming the main factor in the survival and development of primitive man. Their appearance marks the very first and most significant step in the birth of physical culture in the society of primitive people.

In primitive society, education was carried out mainly in the process of including children in specific activities. However, there were already special forms of education, turned into rituals over time. Among them, age-related initiations played a special role. In primitive tribal communities, adolescents who reached the age of 14 underwent special training, during which they were taught to hunt and make tools, developed will and endurance, taught to be disciplined, and introduced them to religious secrets. This stage of preparation ended with an initiation rite, during which adolescents had to prove their physical and social maturity. Those who passed the tests were recognized as full members of the community, received the status of an adult.

In primitive tribal communities, education was public character. Without exception, all children were brought up in the spirit of mutual assistance, collectivism, subordination of personal interests to the interests of the community. The community acted as a collective educator. Each of its members had the duty to take care of children, to lead their upbringing. The main pedagogical functions were performed, as a rule, by the closest relatives and the most experienced, authoritative relatives of the children. Boys were trained mainly for male activities (hunting, making tools), and girls for female activities (picking plants, cooking, housekeeping, caring for children).

The emergence of property and social inequality, the gradual fragmentation of communities into families led to the transformation of education from universal, equal to family estate. The main functions of education, the goals, content and forms of which were increasingly different for different social groups of the population, were concentrated in the family. Initiations lost their universal character and became the property of the nobility.

Physical education has always been one of the means of preparing a person for work and adapting to the social environment. Game reproduction of hunting, labor processes in ancient ritual competitions is one of the ways to improve labor skills and physical education of young people at the initial stages of the development of human society. Over time, people have moved from simply copying physical activities and techniques of labor processes in simple games to a broader topic. games with certain rules and to the creation artificial sports and gaming equipment - elements of modern physical culture and sports.

The question of the origin of physical exercises is the cornerstone in understanding the role and importance of physical culture in the life of human society. It is no coincidence that he has always attracted the attention of many scientists: educators, sociologists, politicians, etc., acquiring serious philosophical significance. At the same time, many philosophers and authors of international works on the history of physical culture, adhering to idealistic positions, came to the conclusion that the problem of the origin of physical exercises can be considered based on three hypotheses: game theory, theory of excess energy and theory of magic.

Some scientists consider the main reason for the emergence of physical exercises and the driving force behind the development of physical culture, the instinct of exercise given to a person by nature, or the desire for gaming activity in childhood. In their interpretation, physical education appears as a purely biological phenomenon, not arising from the social needs of people. Others believe that the main reason for the emergence of exercises (especially sports) is the allegedly inherent human nature desire to fight, compete with other people. Still others associate the appearance of physical exercises with religion, with the traditions of performing all kinds of motor actions during cult and religious rites, etc.

It is characteristic that in modern sports, elements inherent in main forms of human physical activity in antiquity. Activities related to hunting and fighting are reflected in such sports as archery, discus throwing, spears, wrestling; activity associated with movement and overcoming obstacles was reflected in equestrian, skiing and skating, running, jumping, swimming. Behind modern gymnastics, acrobatics, games, weightlifting, ancient labor processes, initiations, rites and rituals are visible. Many modern systems of physical exercises are rooted in the religious, ritual, traditional actions of the peoples of the Ancient World, associated with strengthening and maintaining the working capacity of a person or individual systems of his body, as well as with the stabilization of mental processes.

In the historical development of individual sports and systems of physical exercises, there is an obvious connection with changing environmental conditions, with socio-economic factors of labor, recreation and human life. Changes in the internal structure of each sport often depended on the progress of technology, on the results of scientific discoveries in the sense that in many sports the design and quality of sports equipment and equipment were improved, the rules were significantly changed sports competitions. The same factors are associated with the constant improvement of the theory and methodology, as well as the practice of sports training, medical and biological support of the training process, methods and means of restoring the working capacity of athletes in the macro- and microcycles of sports training, etc.

Changing requirements for dynamism, entertainment, telegenicity of sports competitions dictate a revision of the rules of competitions in certain sports, and, consequently, a change in the method of training an athlete. Therefore, it is not easy to compare the achievements of athletes of the past and the present. The runners who participated in the Olympic Games of Ancient Greece raced barefoot along the sandy track without fixing time, and modern athletes run along synthetic turf tracks, in special running shoes, their time is fixed to hundredths of a second.

Meanwhile, in some systems of physical exercises, especially those with ancient history(hatha yoga, etc.), a certain conservatism remains. However, even here there is an increasing separation of actual physical exercises from the religious elements of these systems, from exercises with a large share of meditative actions.

It is also possible to understand the causes of the emergence of physical exercises and the place of physical education in people's lives from the standpoint of dialectical materialistic views on nature and society. In accordance with these views, the starting point for the emergence of physical exercises, and with them physical culture as a whole, is the moment of awareness by primitive people exercise effect. It was at the moment when the primitive man first realized that the preliminary performance of labor motor actions (for example, throwing a spear at a rock drawing of an animal) helps to increase the effectiveness of the labor process (the hunt itself), and physical exercises arose.

Realizing the effect of exercise, a person began to imitate the actions necessary for him in his labor activity. As soon as these actions began to be applied outside of real labor processes, they began to influence not the object of labor, but the person himself, and thus turned from labor actions into physical exercises. Now motor actions turned out to be aimed not at the production of material values, but at improving the properties of the human body itself (development of strength, accuracy, dexterity, dexterity, etc.), its human nature. This is the main difference between physical exercises and labor, household and any other motor actions.

Thus, physical exercise and physical education were the main factors that contributed to the survival of mankind at the dawn of its development.

In the 3rd-4th millennium BC. as a result of the development of social relations, the primitive society was replaced by a slave-owning socio-economic formation. During this period of the development of human society, the goals, objectives, means, forms and methods of physical education were determined depending on the characteristics of the economic, political and cultural development in a particular slave state. Yes, in Ancient Greece There were two main systems of physical exercises: gymnastics (exercises that have a general developmental effect) and agonistics, which is a special training in order to prepare for performances in competitions. Gradually, such competitions acquired more and more definite goals, frequency, and preparation for them contributed to the improvement of the system of physical education.

In the slave-owning society, the systems of physical education were mainly military-oriented. They were used as one of the means of reproducing military force, a tool for suppressing slaves within the state and waging wars of conquest. This period includes the emergence of special schools, the construction of sports facilities, the organization of major international competitions, of which the most striking and significant for history are Olympic Games.

The personification of a harmoniously developed personality in Ancient Russia is the image of an epic hero.

In the VI-IX centuries. among the Eastern Slavs, four social strata were already fully formed: communal farmers, artisans, tribal feudal nobility and pagan priesthood. The general orientation of education was inextricably linked with the image of the ideal hero, specific to each social group. This image embodied, as it were, the highest goal of education, unattainable in principle, but determining its overall final direction. Each period of historical development had its own image of a hero-hero. Ancient Russian epics and fairy tales show the ideal image of a hero-warrior - Ivan - a peasant son, Nikita Kozhemyaki, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich and others. The hero appears before us not only as a physically invincible person, but also as a person who is fluent in labor skills, possessing mental superiority over his enemies 1.

The most beloved epic hero among the people is Ilya Muromets. In power, he surpasses all his comrades-in-arms. And when it turns out to be too much for them to defeat the enemies, Ilya himself enters into decisive combat, always winning. In the arsenal of his military skills there are techniques of both wrestling and hand-to-hand combat. Facing the enemy with his bare hands, he turns his helmet into a formidable weapon, striking and repulsing the knife thrown at him.

Epics were born in a peasant environment, in the most oppressed and long-suffering part of the population of Ancient Russia. All the troubles and hardships of the Russian land, first of all and most heavily, fell on their shoulders, so the selection of the characters of the epic heroes was not accidental, their images were not accidental. It is symptomatic that the image of Ilya Muromets is the image of a “peasant son”.

V Middle Ages The development of physical culture in Europe suffered significant damage. This circumstance was due to the fact that during this period of the development of human society, the Christian church preached the need to mortify the physical human flesh, physical exercises were regarded as blasphemy and were persecuted. Sports games and competitions were banned. As a result, the development of physical education systems was suspended. Physical education acquired a purely elitist character and was used only for the military-physical training of knights.

With practically absent state forms of physical education in feudal Russia Folk forms played a decisive role in the physical training of the population. Among them, one can single out national types of wrestling, fisticuffs, military-physical training of the Russian Cossacks, national games and entertainments (amusements) associated with motor activity.

The upbringing of children in the period of early feudalism was carried out in the family. By the age of three or four, the child began to do the work that was possible for him, helping the elders, mainly the mother. Senior members of the family encouraged games that develop children's dexterity, strength, ingenuity, and form the skills necessary for future work. From the age of seven, a new period began in the life of the child, a new stage in his upbringing. The boys moved into the age group of youths. Among the Eastern Slavs, the word "lad" meant a boy of 7-14 years old, who had not yet received the right to be called an adult man. During this period, the boys moved from the female to the male half of the family. They helped their fathers in the performance of male types of work, primarily in agricultural work: agriculture, animal husbandry. The girls mastered female species work: learned how to run a household, spin, weave, sculpt pots, etc.

In addition to labor education, adolescents learned the rules of conduct and worldview of the community. It should be noted that both pagan and Christian religions were the ideological basis of education in Russia. Christianity permeated and shaped the whole life of man. The church was in the hands of legal proceedings on family and domestic issues, through it the birth of a person, marriage, funeral, deeds of gift and wills were formalized; in the hands of the church was education - both primary and higher. Every personal and public act required an obligatory church blessing - from laying a house, starting plowing or spring pasture, to military campaigns, building cities, making peace between warring princes. The interests of church and state were practically the same. For example, an outstanding church leader, founder and abbot of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, Sergius of Radonezh reconciled the warring princes, blessed the army before the Battle of Kulikovo, and Metropolitan Alexy led the country for many years, becoming the official head of the principality under the young Dmitry Donskoy.

Upon reaching the age of 14, adolescents became full members of the family. At this age, they received the military training necessary for every man. At the same time, professional soldiers in the ancient Russian early feudal state were trained in special squads. The combatants represented a social group of professional warriors, already in the 7th century. living in special fortified camps. From the age of 12, future combatants underwent military training in special grid houses. The training of combatants was the only currently known organized form of military physical education among the Eastern Slavs in the 6th-9th centuries. It was carried out mainly directly during military campaigns or in the course of hostilities.

With regard to the characterization of the military-physical qualities and appearance of the ancient Slavs, an outstanding Russian historian

CM. Solovyov notes: “... the Slavs were especially distinguished by the art of swimming and hiding in rivers, where they could stay much longer than people of another tribe. They kept under water, lying on their backs and holding in their mouths a hollowed-out reed, the top of which came to the surface of the river and thus conducted air to the hidden swimmer. The armament of the Slavs consisted of two small copies, some had shields, hard and very heavy, they also used wooden bows and small arrows smeared with poison, very effective if a skilled doctor does not give an ambulance to the wounded.

The first written source that speaks of ancient physical exercises is the first ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", which was written at the beginning of the 12th century. monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor. This book says that the ancestors of the Russians - Radimichi, Vyatichi and Northerners - lived in the forests, but in their free time they arranged games between the villages, which converged almost all people, young and old. During the games, competitions were held in various jumps, wrestling, hand-to-hand combat, "bear wrestling", running games, archery, horse racing, etc.

Fisticuffs were a mass folk form of physical education in Russia. The demarcation of the fight against fisticuffs took place for a long time. It took many years for the ban on strikes in wrestling to become a generally accepted position, to become a custom everywhere, which was even reflected in the saying: “While fighting, don’t fight, if you fight, you will lock yourself up.” As a result of such a “softening of morals”, wrestling, on the one hand, lost something in the applied combat relation, on the other hand, it opened up wider ways for its development in the sports direction, for improving already purely wrestling techniques and tactics.

The traditions of fisticuffs have existed in Russia since ancient times. The rules of fisticuffs were formed gradually, and more than one century passed before they were finally established. The first important step was the complete disengagement with stick fighting. Fist fighting has become an exclusively unarmed fight. Further, kicks and the use of legs for throws were prohibited. Many localities had their own peculiarities in the rules, but over time they became the same for all of Russia. One of the rules of fisticuffs has even become a proverb, symbolizing Russian nobility in battle: “They don’t beat the recumbent.” There was another proverb on our land: "Strength according to strength - you will master it, but strength beyond your strength - you will settle down." This meant a rule according to which a fighter, usually one who received too strong a blow, could squat down and no one should have touched him, like the lying one. The rule of fighting only with fists, without any metal "bookmarks", was very strictly observed. Those convicted of this were punished mercilessly: they were severely beaten not only by strangers, but also by their own.

At the same time, it should be noted that in the upper strata of society, in the nobility, a negative and contemptuous attitude towards fisticuffs was firmly established. Most of the Russian tsars tried to ban them, but all attempts were in vain. There were objective reasons for this. The conditions under which Russian culture developed in the 13th-18th centuries are illustrated by the fact that during the 13th - first half of the 15th centuries. Russia withstood more than 160 wars with the Tatars, Lithuanians, German knights, Swedes, Poles, Hungarians, Bulgarians, etc. In the XVIII century. she fought for 60 years. Therefore, it is quite understandable that military orientation prevailed in physical training, in particular fisticuffs.

A significant role in the development of folk forms of physical education was played by Russian Cossacks. In the old days, it was widely believed that the Cossacks are robbers who hunt for raids and robberies of their neighbors. And in fact, only at the beginning of the 18th century, after the capture of the Turkish fortress of Azov, did the tsarist government officially forbid the Cossacks from sea and land raids, and until that time such trips to the Nogai land, Taurida, Turkish lands were an everyday activity for the Cossacks.

Since the beginning of the XIX century. in the Cossack troops, state forms of military physical education of young people were born. The state of affairs with public education in the Cossack troops was not the same. It developed most successfully in the Orenburg Cossack army. Thus, during the period from 1825 to 1889, 458 stanitsa and settlement schools were opened in this region. The education of Cossack children in pre-revolutionary Russia took place not only in stanitsa and village schools, but also in cadet corps, gymnasiums, and cadet schools. The children of officers and military officials were taken there mainly. In all types of educational institutions, physical education was characterized by a military orientation. Military physical training in the Cossack cadet schools contained, for example, exercises in horseback riding, vaulting, combat operations on foot and on horseback, fencing, as well as drill exercises, squadron tactical exercises, shooting and visual determination of distance, guard duty, swimming .

The tsarist government was well aware that the Cossacks in right moment can be reliable defenders of the existing system. This was the reason for the creation of an effective system of combat and physical training of the Cossack officer corps in specialized military educational institutions.

It must be said that starting from the 17th century, with the emergence bourgeois socio-economic relations, all spheres of society's life are activated, including the possibility of further development of physical education systems. Since this period, its influence on the masses has significantly increased, means, methods, forms have been improved, the first sports clubs have been opened.

The leading military institution in the XVI-XVIII centuries. was the Discharge Order, which was in charge of the noble army, which formed the basis of the armed forces. Education until the 18th century It was carried out mainly directly in the course of hostilities. Only shortly before the Northern War (1700-1721), the government of Peter I tried to solve the problem of training domestic military personnel in special military educational institutions. To prepare young people for service in artillery, engineering troops and the navy, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was opened in Moscow in 1701. In connection with the transfer of the capital of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg in 1712, the School was transferred there and in 1719 it was transformed into the Naval Academy. In 1703, a civilian gymnasium was opened in Moscow, and in 1732, a Cadet Corps was opened in St. Petersburg. In all these educational institutions, along with special disciplines, they also taught “bodily exercises”, for example, horseback riding, swimming, climbing yards, ladders, ladders, fencing.

The content of folk physical exercises was determined by regional peculiarities, living and working conditions, traditions. Almost all the nationalities that inhabited our country cultivated their folk types of physical exercises. Folk games were the main means of introducing the children of the peoples of the North to hunting, fishing, reindeer herding, gathering, and housekeeping.

The most important role in the development of the theory and practice of physical education in Russia was played by the advanced views on this problem of the progressive strata of the emerging in the 18th century. bourgeoisie 1. For example, prominent Russian thinkers A.F. Bestuzhev, I.I. Betskaya and A.N. Radishchev raised the question of the need for physical education of girls. Interesting ideas were expressed by the famous Russian educator N.I. Novikov. In the article “On the upbringing and instruction of children,” he promoted only what could be put into practice, which was acceptable for Russian education. In particular, he rejected Rousseau's "solitary theory" and was a supporter of social forms of childrearing. Novikov attached great importance to the process of hardening in physical education. The progressive ideas of physical education were the calls of Novikov and Radishchev for its organization among the peasantry.

A significant contribution to the military-physical training of soldiers was made by the largest Russian commander A.V. Suvorov. In particular, he did not separate combat and physical training, but considered them as a single process. Suvorov for the first time introduced morning exercises for soldiers in the army, widely practiced drills, marches, long hikes, running, training in hand-to-hand combat, overcoming all kinds of obstacles. Military exercises were carried out both in the heat and in the cold. Suvorov applied a new tactic of bayonet fighting. To understand the importance of bayonet fighting for the military operations of that time, you need to know that it took at least a minute to reload guns and success was largely decided in hand-to-hand combat. The main merit of Suvorov was that he taught the soldiers not just the art of owning a bayonet, but the ability to use it in joint military techniques in the ranks. Infantry, for example, "bristled" with bayonets, could repel cavalry attacks without much loss. He laid the foundation for the military physical education of warriors on the principle: "To tire your body in order to strengthen it more."

Suvorov outlined his views on military physical training in a number of instructions: "The Science of Victory", "Regimental Establishment", "Rules for Medical Officers". Military physical training in the army, which was conducted by Suvorov, is a vivid example of the implementation of advanced theoretical ideas for that time. Methods and means of physical training together with hardening, which were used in the troops of Suvorov, have not lost their relevance in our days.

Progressive views in matters of military physical education in the army and navy were also held by such prominent Russian military leaders as P.A. Rumyantsev and F.F. Ushakov.

It should be further noted that the aforementioned progressive ideas about the need to include organized physical education classes in the process of educating children in the second half of the 18th century. convinced those responsible for education and upbringing of the need to recommend the means of physical education to schools. In the "Rules for students of public schools" published in 1782, it was already mentioned the need to use games for children to relax on class days and organize children's festivities on weekends. In 1791, a manual “On the Positions of a Man and a Citizen” was published for public schools, in which it was recommended to take care of the physical development of children and their health. However, these efforts of the state remained at the level of appeals and declarations, and there was practically no physical education as such in Russia during this period.

Progressive ideas in the field of physical education of children began to be actively implemented in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries, when experienced private schools for children began to be created in Russia - a new type of educational institutions. Of great importance for the development of physical culture was the emergence at that time of a new type of organization - public physical culture and sports organizations. They promoted a healthy lifestyle, gymnastics, sports and tourism for a wide range of the population, trained enthusiasts and teachers. By 1914, about 360 such organizations had been created in Russia.

One of the best physical education systems for that time was created - a system developed by P.F. Lesgaft. He formulated and scientifically substantiated the main components of the system of physical education: purpose, objectives, foundations, principles, directions, training of specialists for work in physical education. Gradually, organizational forms of physical education, material, technical and financial support of physical education begin to take shape. Lesgaft creates a special educational institution, in fact, a higher pedagogical one - additional training of teachers in physical education. The formation in our country of one of the main laws of physical education - its scientific validity is associated with the scientific and pedagogical activity of Lesgaft.

P.F. Lesgaft

Lesgaft Petr Frantsevich (1837-

1909) - Russian teacher, anatomist and doctor; founder of the scientific system of physical education and medical and pedagogical control in physical culture, one of the creators of theoretical anatomy. In 1861 he graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg and was left with it for scientific work. Since 1865 - Doctor of Medicine, since 1868 - Professor, Head of the Department of Physiological Anatomy at Kazan University. In 1871, he was fired for speaking out against the arbitrariness of the reaction of some of the professors and authorities of Kazan University. Returning to St. Petersburg, he was engaged in scientific work. In 1872-1874. led a circle of Russian women who were first admitted to classes at the Medico-Surgical Academy. In 1874-1886. worked in the field of organization of physical education and education in military schools.

In 1877 he founded training and gymnastic courses for officers at the 2nd St. Petersburg Military Gymnasium. In 1886-1897. lectured on anatomy at the natural faculty of St. Petersburg University, at the Christmas courses for women. In 1893 he organized the Biological Laboratory, which in 1918 was transformed into the Natural Science Institute. P.F. Lesgaft. Created by Lesgaft in 1896, the courses of educators and leaders of physical education were the prototype of the higher educational institutions of physical culture created later in the USSR and other countries; in 1919, on the basis of the courses, the State Institute of Physical Education named after V.I. P.F. Lesgaft. _I

So, the era of the formation of physical culture and sports of the Russian Empire in the XVIII-XIX centuries. characterized by the initial development of physical culture in the Russian army and the Ministry of Public Education.

Military departments of the Russian army and Navy, pursuing a militaristic orientation, sought to diversify the physical development of soldiers, sailors and officers.

The Ministry of Public Education implemented its ideas for the versatile education and development of the younger generation, mainly for the upper and middle classes. Physical education in educational institutions of Russia involved the teaching of gymnastics, fencing, equestrian sports, focusing on the best in European countries.

This period was characterized by the initial stage of the development of physical culture, and later on, of sports in two federal bodies of the Russian Empire. The advanced progressive representatives of these departments - teachers, teachers and officers disseminated their knowledge and practical experience among the population of the country.

The development of physical culture among the above-mentioned segments of the population indirectly left its mark on the management technologies used, including the technologies for managing the sphere of physical culture and sports.

The study of special literature on the history of the development of physical culture and sports 1 shows that with the expansion of economic and cultural cooperation between different countries, sport goes beyond the borders of individual states, which is reflected in the organization and holding of numerous international competitions and the resumption at the end of the 19th century. regular Olympic Games. At the beginning of the XX century. in Russia, the mass physical culture and sports movement is developing rapidly, based on modern systems of physical education and sports training, the latest achievements of science and technology.

A study of the history of physical culture and sports would be incomplete without considering the genesis of modern sports, received the most intensive development in Russia.

By the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. in Russia, many modern sports originate and begin to develop, in which national championships are held, all-Russian sports organizations are created, Russia begins to actively participate in the work of international sports associations. In fact, it was a reflection of the dynamic development of sports orientation in the physical culture of our country. At the same time, the conditions for the formation of sports were only in a number of cities, although the urban population of the country by the end of the 19th century. was only 13%. Since among the urban population mainly representatives of the bourgeoisie, officials, intelligentsia, and merchants could go in for sports, on a national scale the number of those involved hardly exceeded 3%.

In general, the origin and subsequent development of many sports in Russia began about 50 years later than in most Western countries. And even despite the fact that in the first decade of the XX century. the economic growth rates in the Russian Empire were the highest in the world, and by 1913 it was in fifth place in world industrial production after the USA, England, Germany and France, sport occupied more than a modest place in its development.

One of the oldest sports is Athletics. Running, jumping, throwing appeared along with man, these movements have always been associated with his work and life. But as a sport, as a competition between people, athletics appeared in Russia only at the end of the 19th century. Athletics, by tradition, continues to be called a separate sport, although in fact it consists of more than 50 diverse, sometimes completely different movements. What do, for example, sprinting and hammer throwing, high jumping and marathon running, discus throwing and 3000m steeplechase, etc. have in common? This sport requires from a person the whole variety of his motor abilities. No wonder athletics is called the “queen of sports”.

The year of birth of national athletics is considered to be 1888, when in the summer cottage Tyarlevo, not far from Tsarskoye Selo (now Pushkin near St. Petersburg), the first circle in Russia arises, whose members - students, high school students, employees - began to run.

It is interesting to note that among the athletes awarded the highest sports title of the USSR - Honored Master of Sports, there is the name of Pyotr Pavlovich Moskvin. He was neither a champion nor a country record holder, he did not glorify himself in the international arena. And yet in 1945 he was awarded this high sports title. The merit of Moskvin to domestic sports is that it was on his initiative that the Tyarlevsky Circle of Sports Fans was organized. He was also the pioneer of some other sports in Russia. For example, later he became a pioneer of the game of hockey in the cities of the Far East. He can be attributed to those champions of the development of sports in Russia, who overcame the hostile or contemptuous attitude of the authorities towards sports in that period.

At first, the Tyarlevites were fond of “running sports” during the summer season. In the rules of training and competition, a lot was borrowed from horse racing: the participants started under pseudonyms, usually borrowed from famous jockeys, the start was given on the move, the protocols were kept, as at a hippodrome. In those days, the so-called competitions of folk runners with trotters or cyclists (as cyclists were then called) were generally practiced. It was no accident that Tyarlevo became the cradle of athletics in Russia, since the Tsarskoye Selo hippodrome was located next to it. There, perhaps, the desire to run fast and beautifully was born in Moskvin and his friends. Of course, the emergence of athletics in Russia was also influenced by the fact that Western European professional runners in the 1980s. have already toured in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and other major cities of the country. And one of the patrons of Moskvin's undertakings was the Englishman Thornton, the owner of a cloth factory, a fan of running.

By 1895, athletics in Russia included running, race walking, running long jumps, standing long jumps, shot put, leather ball throwing, triple standing and running jumps, hurdles, cross-country. Adults, teenagers, and even women began to get involved in running. "Competition holidays" are organized and held at hippodromes, in the program of which there are competitions of a man with a horse, with a cyclist. Of particular interest were the performances of the "ladies-walkers". The press more and more often covers the course of the competition, noting the smallest details: they talk about the pulse, weight of the runners, their behavior, condition, public reaction, etc. There are stories, poems, anecdotes related to the competition. And if at first most of them feel irony and mockery of those who are fond of running, and especially of women, then later the desire for more frequent victories of our runners over visiting runners is heard more and more often.

The main goal of the circle formed in Tyarlevo was to survive and give impetus to the creation of other similar circles, although the pace of development of athletics in Russia compared to other developed Western countries was more than modest. There were no stadiums, no sports grounds, no specialists who knew this sport in the country. The second circle, which cultivated athletics, appeared in St. Petersburg only in 1895. Two years later, athletics began to develop in the Baltic states, it came to Yekaterinoslav (Dnepropetrovsk) in 1905, to Odessa, Kiev, Samara, Astrakhan and other cities - after 1908 The beginning of the development of athletics in Moscow is associated with the creation in 1895 of the Moscow Ski Club, which also cultivated this sport.

It is noteworthy that in 1899 in St. Petersburg at the velodrome a running competition for ladies was held for 1.5 versts. It was more of a recreational-commercial event to attract spectators to the cycling competition. A cash prize was set for the winner - 25 rubles. Mocking notes in the newspapers on this subject for a long time discouraged women from participating in athletics competitions.

The public of many countries, including Russia, was negative and skeptical about the very fact of women's participation in athletics competitions. In the press, statements often appeared regarding the immorality of a woman’s performance with bare calves, and even when she was forced to “show off her body,” although the sports uniform for ladies then consisted of closed blouses with a belt and short, knee-length trousers. Even some figures in the International Sports Movement were against the participation of women in the Olympic Games. In particular, Pierre de Coubertin was against their participation in these world competitions. This sport was included in the Olympic program only in 1928.

Pierre de Coubertin

G Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) - French public figure, teacher, historian, writer; founder of the modern Olympic movement. He was educated at the military school in Saint-Cyr, the college of law and the school of political sciences in Paris. Abandoning a family military career, he devoted his activities to the development of a reform of national education, the problems of physical education, and the development of an international sports movement.

In 1894, the International Sports Congress, convened on the initiative of Coubertin, took place in Paris, which decided to revive the Olympic Games. In 1894-1896. Coubertin - Secretary General of the International Olympic Committee, in 1896-1925. - President and in 1925-1937. - Honorary Life President of the IOC. He developed the basic rules for holding the Olympic Games, wrote the text of the oath of Olympic athletes. Coubertin is the author of numerous works on the problems of sports and physical education. In 1912, at the art competition dedicated to the Games of the V Olympiad, written by Coubertin (under a pseudonym) "Ode to Sports" was awarded a gold medal. Buried in Lausanne; at the request of Coubertin, his heart was buried in Olympia, the capital of the ancient Olympic Games.

In 1908, Russian athletes enter the international arena. Russian athletes G. Lind and A. Petrovsky take part in the Olympic Games in London, but unsuccessfully. Before the 1917 revolution, Russian athletes once again participated in the Olympic Games - in 1912 in Stockholm, but again they were not successful. These failures are explained by elementary inattention to the development of sports in Russia, unsatisfactory staffing and training of the Olympic team.

Let us give an example of the poor organization of the preparation of athletes for competitions at the Olympics: our 10,000 m runner was told that he would run after 12:00. a writhing, hungry athlete hurriedly ran from the steamer Burma to the stadium for the start. It should not be surprising that he, without finishing the distance, left it, not having run 3 km to the finish line. The “conditions” of our Olympians living on the ship “Burma” and in general the preparation of Russia for these competitions are described in detail in his book “Pages from the Past” by the participant of the Olympiad N.A. Panin-Kolomenkin.

In February 1911, a constituent assembly of representatives of 23 Russian societies that cultivated athletics was held in St. Petersburg. The formation of the All-Russian Union of Athletics Amateurs was officially registered and the charter of this organization was adopted, the executive committee was elected. The first chairman of the committee was G.A. Dupperon is a prominent sports figure, himself a good sportsman in the past. By the end of 1911, the Union registered the first Russian records in all types of today's classic decathlon.

The genesis of athletics in Russia is associated with the creation sports regulatory classification. First, their own standards are developed in Moscow, St. Petersburg, they were often adopted even in separate circles, i.e. were local. The standards for athletics, for example, were first introduced in the St. Petersburg circle of sports fans in 1902. Eight years later, they were slightly changed and recognized as mandatory for participants in all-Russian competitions. Having completed them, the athlete could claim a prize and an award. The following norms were established: 100 m run - 14 s, 1500 m run - 6 min, high jump - 115 cm, pole vault - 180 cm, discus throw 27 m (the sum of throws with the right and left hand). In 1916, Russia introduced the division of athletes into classes: 1st class - 12-15-year-old teenagers, 2nd class - 15-16-year-old boys, 3rd class - men over 18 years old.

Weightlifting until the 30s. 20th century included three sports - weight lifting, wrestling and boxing. The date of birth of weight lifting in our country is considered to be 1885, when Dr. V.F. Kraevsky in St. Petersburg created the Circle of Athletic Lovers. It was located directly on the doctor's apartment and consisted of about 70 people. There were many more people who wanted to practice, but the conditions did not allow it. Kraevsky's initiatives were supported by his students, and similar circles began to appear in Moscow, Kiev, Ufa, Nizhny Novgorod, Yekaterinoslav, Odessa, Tver and other cities. Kraevsky is rightly called the "father of Russian weightlifting." Since 1892, when the famous Polish wrestler V.A. Pytlyasinsky and begins to teach French (Greco-Roman) wrestling to members of the circle, this sport also originates in Russia.

In 1897, on the initiative of Count G.I. Ribopierre in Russia, the St. Petersburg Athletic Society was created, which also cultivated weightlifting (weight lifting and wrestling). In the same year, the first amateur weightlifting championship of Russia was played. The title of the first absolute champion of Russia in weight lifting was won by a 20-year-old student of Kraevsky from St. Petersburg G. Meyer. He entered the history of Russian sports as one of the founders of boxing. Since 1898, Russian weightlifters G. Gakkenshmidt, I. Poddubny, I. Zaikin and others have been successfully participating in international competitions.

Appearance in Russia gymnastics associated with the formation in 1881 in Moscow of the Russian Gymnastic Society. In 1885, it held the first competition, in which only 11 people participated. The program included exercises on shells, as well as long jumps and "height" in the hall. In 1886, 1888 and 1892 similar competitions were held in Moscow. In 1897, the St. Petersburg Athletic Society was created in St. Petersburg, which on April 15 held the 1st All-Russian Amateur Athletic Championship. His program included: weight lifting, wrestling, fencing and gymnastics. It should be added that pre-revolutionary Russia cultivated a number of foreign gymnastic systems: German, Swedish and Sokol.

History is very interesting cycling, which in the cities of Russia began to get involved in the early 1890s. It is important to note that the priority in the invention of the bicycle belongs to Russia. A multi-seat "self-running carriage" was invented back in 1752 by a peasant of the Nizhny Novgorod province Leonty Lukyanovich Shamshurenkov. He sent a letter to the Senate, where he reported: “... he, Leonty, can truly make such a carriage, on four wheels, so it will run without a horse, it will only be right through the tools by two people standing on the same carriage, except for those sitting there will be idle people in it, it will run at least through a long distance and not only on a flat location, but also on a mountain, if there is not a very cool place where ... ”By order of the Senate, Shamshurenkov was summoned to St. Petersburg, where he was in October 1752 and built a wheelchair. It was tested, found fit, and the inventor received 50 rubles as a reward. gold 1 .

A two-wheeled pedal bicycle was first built by the Ural master Efim Artamonov. On September 15, 1801, during the coronation of Tsar Alexander I, an unusual cart appeared on the square in front of the Moscow Kremlin, on which, as if on a horse, a tall bearded man was sitting. With his hands he held on to the steering wheel, and with his feet he pressed the special levers of the front large wheel. The outlandish cart, unknown until then, surprised everyone, and the tsar also liked it. As a token of gratitude, he freed Artamonov and his family from serfdom. It is noteworthy that Yefim came to Moscow on his "iron horse" from the Urals. Now this bike is stored in the museum of Nizhny Tagil.

However, the inventions of Shamshurenkov and Artamonov were forgotten for a long time, the designer of the world's first bicycle (it was without pedals) is the German K. Dries, although he mounted it in 1817. And rubber pneumatic chambers for balls and wheels were invented only in the 60s . 19th century At the beginning of the XX century. only a few Russians owned bicycles due to their high cost.

By the end of the XIX century. in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tula, Warsaw, the Baltic, Ukrainian and other cities of Russia, about 50 cycling clubs were created. The first competitions took place in Moscow in 1883, and a year later - in St. Petersburg, where tens of thousands of people watched the races.

The entry of our cyclists into the international arena is associated with the names of Mikhail Dyakov and Onisim Pankratov. In 1896, Dyakov played at the English Open Championship, where he won four out of five distances. The Petersburger becomes the idol of England, where he was called the "king of cyclists." After returning to his homeland, Dyakov set two world records. In 1911-1913. Russian cyclist Pankratov made a round-the-world trip on a bicycle. He was a member of the Petersburg club "Hercules". His route was approved by the International Cycling Union.

First Russian Championship shooting took place in Khabarovsk at the end of the 19th century. Further championships were held regularly. This sport was mainly practiced by military personnel. A significant contribution to the development of pistol and revolver shooting was made by N. Panin-Kolomenkin, who from 1906 until the revolution was the unchanging champion of Russia. The Russian shooting team won a silver medal at the 1912 Olympics.

Next, you need to touch on the history of occurrence sports swimming, which in Russia dates back to 1908. At that time, the Shuvalov swimming school was opened in the summer cottage Shuvalov near St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg then there were three small indoor swimming pools: in the Naval Academy, page and cadet corps. There was one “pool” in Moscow - in the Sandunovskaya bath, which, of course, with a big stretch could be used for sports swimming, but the Moscow Society of Swimmers, created in 1912, for lack of a better one, conducted their training there. This, in fact, was the entire material base of Russian swimmers.

The creation of the Shuvalov swimming school was a significant event in the history of Russian sports. Following the model of the Shuvalov school, similar schools were created by its students in Baku, Nikolaev, Oranienbaum. Pupils of the Shuvalov school participated in the 1912 Olympic Games, but were not successful there.

rowing as a sport appeared in Russia at the end of the 19th century. The first national championship was held in 1822 in St. Petersburg. Athletes competed only in single boats at a distance of 690 fathoms (1450 m). In 1908, all the clubs, and by 1914 there were about 22 of them, were united by the All-Russian Union of Rowing Societies. In Russia, from 1896 to 1914, single boat championships were held annually. In total, the championship of the country until 1917 was played 22 times. The members of the clubs were mostly foreigners and representatives of fairly wealthy segments of the population. Petersburg was the most aristocratic and prim yacht club, and members of the royal family also visited it. The clubs were patronized, financed and presided over by nobles.

There were competitions between clubs, as well as international regattas.

Happy Birthday skiing in Russia it is considered December 29, 1895, when the opening of the Moscow Ski Club (MKL) took place. This club opened a ski station on the Khodynka field, and a year later a second one in Sokolniki. Simultaneously with the MCL near St. Petersburg, in Pargolovo-Toksovo, a ski club "Polar Star" was opened.

In the process of developing this sport in Russia, two directions have developed in cross-country skiing: Moscow - running on long skis along the plain with relatively elongated sticks and St. Petersburg - cross-country running with ups and downs on shorter skis. By 1914, skiing was spread mainly in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Yaroslavl.

A landmark event in the history of skiing is the drawing of the first All-Russian Ski Racing Championship, which was held in 1910 in Petrovsky Park by the Moscow Ski Club. The distance was 30 versts, 14 people started from Moscow, St. Petersburg and Novgorod. The title of "The first ski runner of Russia in 1910" was awarded to P. Bychkov. Our famous athlete and skiing specialist D.M. Vasiliev recalls it this way: “I remember how the victory of Bychkov, this nugget skier, was hotly discussed, and many feared that the aristocratic skiers from the MKL and the Imperial River Club would demand that the first note from the general rules of ski competitions be applied to the Russian champion” 1 . These rules were approved by the Moscow Ski League, which included representatives of all clubs in Moscow. The first note read: “Teachers of gymnastics, fencing, etc. along with persons engaged in only physical labor, are not recognized as amateurs in skiing. The famous Russian skier Bychkov had every reason to fall under this note, since he worked for a manufacturer living in Sokolniki, something like a watchman or a janitor. But some leaders from the MKL, who did not assume that some kind of janitor could become the winner, approved Bychkov's participation in the Russian championship, and after his victory, apparently, they did not dare to make a scandal. Before the revolution, Bychkov twice more, in 1911 and 1914, became the champion of Russia.

For the first time, two of our strongest racers, P. Bychkov and A. Nemukhin, went abroad, to Sweden, in 1913. However, they were much weaker than the Scandinavian skiers, who had gone far ahead in the development of this sport, and Russian athletes took places far from prize-winning .

Perhaps there is no sport that would be as popular as football. It appeared in Russia at the end of the 19th century. Football was spread in Russia by the British, who created the first teams in this sport. Petersburg, Moscow and Orekhovo-Zuyevo were the first cities where this sport game was played. The first clubs almost entirely consisted of the British, Scots, Germans, and only a few represented Russia. In 1908, the development of national football was influenced significant event: the teams of St. Petersburg, united with the Moscow League and English clubs, formed the All-Russian Football Union. Somewhat later, it also included clubs from other major Russian cities. With the creation of the football union, intercity and all-Russian tournaments began to be held. In 1909, the England team came to Moscow and played several games with local clubs.

Among the prominent domestic football players who began their sports career in pre-revolutionary Russia, N.E. Sokolova, F.I. Selin, the Starostin brothers - Nikolai, Andrey and Alexander. Before the revolution, Sokolov began to play sports in the Zamoskvorechye (SKZ) sports club. He was among the ten runners who set a Russian record in the 10 x 1000 m relay, won ski races, and here he also played in the main team of the football team. Sokolov was the prototype of Anton Kandidov's "dry goalkeeper" in L. Kassil's novel "The Goalkeeper of the Republic" 1 , based on which the famous film "The Goalkeeper" was staged. Selin, who became an outstanding defender and midfielder of Soviet football, began playing in the Moscow team of the Sokolniki Ski Club (SKL), and then, together with Sokolov, played in the SKZ. The Starostin brothers started playing football in the Russian Gymnastics Society (RGO) in 1918. They were one of the founders of the most popular Spartak sports society in our country. N.P. Starostin was at first one of the strongest forwards of Spartak and the USSR national team, and then for a long time he was the coach and head of this football team.

In 1877, Russia was born skating. This is due to the formation in St. Petersburg of the Society of Skating Fans. The permanent chairman of the Society in pre-revolutionary Russia was V.I. Sreznevsky. This sport included speed skating and figure skating. In Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. a number of outstanding skaters appeared who became famous far beyond the borders of our country. Among them, first of all, one should name A. Panshin, G. Kiselev, N. Sedov, E. Burkov, N. Strunnikov, V. Ippolitov.

In 1889, the first Russian speed skating championship took place in Moscow. It was held on the initiative of the Moscow River Yacht Club. I must say that in Russia the program of the championships differed from the world championships. At first, for the first five years, there was only one distance - 3 versts. The start was common, several races were organized, and at the end, the final race for the strongest was necessarily held. Since 1894, skaters have been running in pairs. Soon two distances were introduced - 1500 and 5000 m. The athlete who won both distances became the Champion of Russia. Few managed to do this, and for a number of years there were no champions in Russia, although the country's championships were held. The rules for holding Russian championships changed in 1908. Now it was necessary to overcome three distances - 500, 1500 and 5000 m, and in one day. To receive the title of champion, it was necessary to win at two distances out of three.

In 1910, the first women's speed skating competitions were organized in Russia. In 1913, the first national skating championship among women was held in our country. Athletes ran one lap together with men, holding hands. Since 1911, women began to compete in single races at a distance of 500 m. In 1913, the All-Russian Skating Union, together with the Moscow Skating League, held competitions in Moscow for the title of the strongest skater in Russia, in which Muscovite E. Kremenchevskaya became the first champion of Russia.

The development of physical culture and sports in tsarist Russia since the beginning of the 20th century. to 1917 is characterized by the following main events.

In 1904, the Ministry of Public Education issued a circular "On the establishment of a medical and sanitary department", responsible for the physical education and health of schoolchildren. In 1910, Tsar Nicholas II signed a decree "Regulations on the out-of-school preparation of Russian youth for military service". Physical training contributed to the implementation of this decree.

At the beginning of the XX century. physical education and sports in Russia are developing mainly due to public physical culture and sports organizations. In 1911 and 1913 two major governing bodies are being created, the main purpose of which is to regulation of relations related to physical education and sports. The first of them - the Russian Olympic Committee - was formed in connection with the beginning of Russia's participation in the International Olympic Movement, and the creation of the second - the Office of the Chief Supervisor of the Physical Development of the Population of the Russian Empire - was due to poor physical fitness of young people.

Creation Russian Olympic Committee was a milestone in the history of the development of physical culture and sports.

In 1894, a representative of Russia, General AD, entered the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for the first time. Butovsky. He ardently supported the ideas of P. de Coubertin, a prominent representative of the IOC, who believed that the idea of ​​international games was a happy idea, it answered the urgent needs of modern mankind, the need for the physical and moral revival of the young generation.

Butovsky was a very active and well-known figure in the international sports movement. He was a participant in a number of international congresses, sessions of the IOC, an eyewitness to the Games of the First Olympiad in 1896. He wrote a well-known book about the first Olympics - "Athens in the spring of 1896".

Although Russia stood at the origins of the modern Olympic movement and had its representative in the IOC, until 1908 Russian athletes did not participate in the Olympic Games. This circumstance is explained not so much by the fact that sports in our country were very poorly developed, but by the fact that the tsarist government practically did not deal with these issues. In addition, the National Olympic Committee was not created in Russia, and it is this organization that is called upon to deal with the issues of training Olympians, providing them with the necessary assistance and assistance, and developing Olympic sports.

Despite this, before the first Olympic Games in a number of large Russian cities - Odessa, St. Petersburg, Kiev - preparations were made for them. A small group of Odessa athletes even went to Greece, but could only get to Constantinople, as there were not enough funds for the further journey. Most had to go back, but one Russian representative did arrive in Athens. It was Nikolai Ritter from Kiev. He first showed up to participate in wrestling and shooting competitions, but then for some reason changed his mind and took his application back. Subsequently, Ritter, who was an eyewitness to the Olympic competitions, became an active popularizer of the Olympic ideas in Russia, giving lectures and messages in many of its cities.

The first unofficial participation of Russian athletes took place in the Games of the IV Olympiad in 1908, and the official participation in the Games of the V Olympiad in 1912. According to the regulation adopted by the IOC, in order for a country to be an official participant in the Games, its National Olympic Committee had to be recognized IOC. But in Russia it has not yet existed. Only on March 16, 1911, representatives of 31 Russian sports societies approved the draft charter of the Russian Olympic Committee (ROC) and submitted it to the government for approval, but it was accepted by the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs only on May 17, 1912, and the Olympics was supposed to begin on May 5. And yet, an organization finally appeared in Russia that united the activities of numerous societies in individual sports. V.I. Sreznevsky.

VI Sreznevsky (1849-1937) - a Russian scientist in the field of scientific and technical photography - created several types of special cameras, he is the author of the first Russian reference book on photography. Sreznevsky was the permanent chairman of the St. Petersburg Society of Skating Fans, a real state councilor, teacher, assistant professor at the university, director of the Alexandria Women's Vocational School, a prominent figure in the photographic department of the Russian Technical Society, as well as a great enthusiast of speed skating in general and figure skating in particular. So, in 1881, at competitions in Helsingfors, he, together with the local figure skater Menander, won a prize in pair skating. Sreznevsky did a lot to improve the technique and develop the theory of figure skating. This is his undeniable merit before the national sport. In preparation for the Games of the V Olympiad, Sreznevsky headed the Russian Olympic delegation in Stockholm in 1912.

In 1914 V.I. Sreznevsky becomes an assistant to Major General V.N. Voeikov, who served as the chief observer of physical development in the Russian Empire and in 1913 headed Office of the Chief Supervisor of the Physical Development of the Population of the Russian Empire, created by the decree of Nicholas II of 1912. The creation of the Chancellery is a significant event, since for the first time in Russia a government body for the development of physical culture and sports was formed.

The prerogatives received by Voeikov at the state level made it possible to create an effective system of control over everything that happened in the field of physical culture and sports in the provinces of Russia. In a short time, 345 military sports committees were created. At this stage, when preparing reservists to replenish front-line soldiers, the Russian army begins to introduce, one might say, a marketing system that reflects a new level of relations between manufacturers - military sports committees and consumers - military departments. By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Military Sports Committee, special funds were allocated, which were issued to societies and individuals at the rate of 20 rubles. for each who successfully passed the tests in the commission, and for the reservist who received the title of instructor - 50 rubles.

The participation of the Russian team in the 1912 Olympic Games clearly showed all the costs of preparing for such major international competitions. After these Games, the chairman of the ROC V.I. Sreznevsky stressed that in the future it is necessary to prepare for the Olympics more thoroughly, it is necessary to develop sports in the country in general, and Olympic sports in particular.

A practical step in preparing for participation in international competitions was the decision to hold before 1916 two large full-scale Russian Olympiads in the image of the international Olympic Games.

/ Russian Olympiad 1913 by decision of the ROCK was held in Kiev. The competition program included athletics, wrestling, weight lifting (kettlebells), cycling, gymnastics, swimming, rowing, parachuting, equestrianism, shooting, fencing, football, lawn tennis, motorsport. About 500 people from 20 cities of the country took part in the competition. General V.N. Voeikov, who took an active part in organizing and holding the Olympics. The I Olympiad was also under royal patronage: Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich supervised the competitions and their organization. Among the 13 prizes were prizes established by Nicholas II, Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich, General V.N. Voeikov, and other high dignitaries.

It is noteworthy that in the I Russian Olympiad (for the first time in major all-Russian competitions) 12 women took part in athletics and fencing. At the same time, it should be noted that athletics was included in the women's competition program only at the 1928 Olympic Games.

Venue II Russian Olympiad 1914 the city of Riga was chosen. The Olympics were organized and conducted by the city founded in 1912.

Baltic Olympic Committee. The competition program included 16 of the most popular sports, including sailing, tennis, tug of war. The number of participants has increased - about 900 athletes from 50 sports organizations. Here, as in 1913, largest number Athletes gathered in track and field athletics competitions - 264 people.

It was also planned to hold the III Olympiad in St. Petersburg and the IV Olympiad in Moscow. However, the outbreak of the First World War did not allow these intentions to be realized. It should be said that, following the example of Russian Olympiads, such competitions began to be held in the regions of Russia: the North Caucasian Olympiad (1915) in Novorossiysk, the Volga Olympiad (1916) in Nizhny Novgorod, etc.

Thus, the I and II Russian Olympiads were an incentive and an example for holding regional sports competitions, played a positive role in the development and popularization of the Olympic movement in our country.

So, at the beginning of the XX century. prerequisites for the further development of the domestic system of physical education were created: theoretical, methodological, organizational and managerial. At the same time, the entire pre-revolutionary history of the formation and development of physical culture and sports in Russia was an era of loners, sport as a social phenomenon occupied a very modest place in her life. Physical education and sports had practically no state support, and existed and improved only thanks to the enthusiasm and patronage of the progressive strata of the Russian intelligentsia.

For more information about the history of fisticuffs, see: Lukashev M.N. And there were fights...: Stories about unknown episodes from the glorious past of national wrestling, boxing and fisticuffs. M., 1990. See, for example: Langsepp O.V. Georg Gakkenshmidt - "Russian lion": Per. from Estonian Tallinn, 1971; Merkuriev V.I. Ivan Poddubny: Biographical sketch. Krasnodar, 1986; Zaikin I. In the air and in the arena: Memoirs. Kuibyshev, 1965. See: Butovsky A.D. Athens in the spring of 1896. M., 1896.

1 For more information about the history of the Olympic Games, see: Khavin B.N. All about the Olympic Games. M., 1979; Olympic Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. S.P. Pavlov. M., 1980; Soviet Olympic pedestal: Handbook (information is given as of

January 1992). M., 1992; Platonov V.N., Guskov S.I. Decree, op.; Rodichenko V.S. Olympic idea for Russia. M., 1998; Your Olympic textbook. M., 1999.

Zakharov Vladislav Petrovich

1st year student, Department of Economics, State Economic University, RF, Samara

E-Mail:Boss86 rus@ yandex. en

Kurochkina Natalya Evgenievna

scientific adviser, senior lecturer of the Department of Physical Education, SSEU, RF, Samara

Human civilization has the greatest value - culture. Culture is a concept that in modern life has a huge number of definitions in various areas of human life, formed by society, taking into account the development of its material and spiritual values, based on the heritage of all previous generations and passing this heritage on to future generations.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegova defines culture as a set of industrial, social and spiritual achievements of people, as well as a high level of something, high development, skill.

Culture is the result of human creativity in various areas of his activity, the commonality of his material and spiritual values, the development of spiritual, bodily, mental qualities of a person, aimed at improving human capabilities, as well as the totality of all the knowledge that a person and society has at one stage or another. of its development. From childhood, the main spheres of human activity are formed in our minds, which includes such cultural phenomena as: science, technology, art, music, literature, painting. It is no secret that throughout the existence of mankind, the person himself and society act as carriers of culture.

Formation and development to culture, as culture in general, has been carried out for many centuries and takes a long process. Mastering the huge layer of Russian culture created by the Russian people over many centuries is a very difficult task. The basis of culture is national-spiritual, socio-cultural, ethical, aesthetic and moral values. And the personality in a person can be formed only when it is educated and brought up on cultural traditions.

Culture is created by people, and their worldview, worldview, feelings, tastes, desires and interests are formed in specific social, economic and social conditions. The developing culture of the people is greatly influenced by the geographical environment, as well as customs, traditions, customs, all the cultural heritage inherited by modern society from previous generations.

Physical culture is a layer of culture, which is a set of knowledge aimed at developing and strengthening the physical health of a person and society. As a social phenomenon, physical culture has been functioning throughout the history of the development of human society.

It is impossible to determine the time of the birth of the first sprouts of physical culture, since the roots of culture go back to ancient times. But we can safely say that physical culture arose and developed simultaneously with universal human culture.

The development of physical culture in society was influenced by the production relations of people, the economic, political and ideological forms of struggle, the achievements of science, philosophy, and art. At the same time, physical culture has the same ancient history as society.

Physical culture not only fulfills the tasks of a person's physical development, but also develops social functions in the field of morality, ethics, education, ethics and aesthetics.

Historically, physical culture has developed under the influence of the real needs of society in the full physical preparation of the younger generation and the adult population for work. At the same time, as the education system and the upbringing system developed, physical culture became the basic factor in the formation of motor skills and abilities.

The prerequisites for the emergence of physical education can be observed since ancient times. Among the ancient Slavs, physical culture began to develop in the 6th-9th centuries. The image of a harmoniously developed personality is perfectly revealed in epics, legends, fairy tales, legends, songs of that time. Concise in content, revealing the ideal image of a smart and strong hero - a warrior personifying the entire Russian people, epics, legends, annals, songs, in essence, are the main sources for the development of physical culture in Russia. The ancient Russian epic depicts the ideal image of a warrior hero. Who does not know the epic heroes Nikita Kozhemyaka, Mikula Selyaninovich, Ilya Muromets, Dobrynya Nikitich, Alyosha Popovich. The hero appears before us not only as a physically developed and invincible person, but also as a person who has perfect knowledge of life experience and work skills, has mental superiority and ingenuity over his enemies. A person of that time needed physical strength so that he could protect not only himself and his family, but also his fellow tribesmen from external enemies, so that he could “stand up for the Russian land.” The achievement of physical perfection by the Slavs is carried out in competition. Games based on elements of labor activity are widely used among the Slavs. From ancient times, well-known games of that time, such as towns and rounders, have survived to this day. Towns are mentioned not only in folk tales, but even in chronicles. This valiant fun was spread throughout Russia. Not a single festivities could do without the competitions of the city dwellers. More A.V. Suvorov, a military theorist, a great commander, wrote: “Playing towns develops an eye, speed, onslaught.

Parents taught their children horseback riding, archery, javelin throwing, swimming, wrestling and other forms of physical exercise. An important place in the education of young people was occupied by hunting and games. In the process of hunting, the qualities necessary in life and everyday life were acquired - strength, endurance, dexterity, courage, determination, ingenuity, skill.

The famous Russian historian S.M. Solovyov wrote about the military-physical qualities of the ancient Slavs: “... the Slavs were especially distinguished by the art of swimming and hiding in rivers, where they could stay much longer than people of another tribe. They kept under water, lying on their backs and holding in their mouths a cut reed, the top of which came out on top of the river and thus conducted air to the hidden swimmer. The armament of the Slavs consisted of two small spears, some had shields, hard and very heavy, they also used wooden bows and small arrows smeared with poison, very effective if a skilled doctor does not give an ambulance to the wounded.

Due to the fact that Russia was forced to wage many wars, therefore, the main goal of physical education until the 18th century. was military physical training.

The monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor, the author of the first ancient Russian chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years", first described ancient physical exercises, "about the games between villages, which converged almost all people, young and old." During the games, competitions were held in various competitions: jumping, wrestling, hand-to-hand combat, "bear wrestling", running games, archery, horse racing.

One of the mass folk forms of physical education in Russia was fisticuffs. The most captivating and most widespread in Russia were mass wall-to-wall fights, and among the ancient folk competitions they occupied a special place.

Folk forms of physical culture are especially manifested in such an estate in Russia as the Cossacks. The Cossack is the defender of the Motherland. He should be the same as his ancestors were - glorious and mighty heroes who defended the Russian land. That is why each Cossack had to strive not only for his physical development, but also for his moral character. The upbringing of the future Cossack began in the family, where special attention was paid to physical training. The boy was put on a horse after the appearance of the first tooth, and by the age of seven, the Cossack proudly pranced on a horse.

At the heart of the ideological orientation of the Cossacks was the education of the Cossacks of devotion to their people, loyalty to their cause, love for their native land. Physical exercises were systematically included among the Cossacks in games, reviews, hunting, holidays, military campaigns. All types of physical exercises were a variety of forms of physical training among the Cossacks. The methods used in teaching military physical exercises were based on example, imitation, copying, and experience.

By the end of the XVII century. Russia has undergone significant changes in the development of the economy and culture. The first of the kings, who set the priority task of developing physical culture, was Peter I. It was during the era of his reign that skating, fencing, and horse riding became the most popular among hobbies.

In the context of the colossal transformations carried out in Russia since the time of Peter I, the need for educated and competent personnel is growing immeasurably. Special educational institutions are opening in the country. They train personnel for industry, the army, navy and public service. A school of mathematical and navigational sciences is opening in Moscow, in which physical training is introduced for the first time as a compulsory subject. The main means of physical education, depending on the conditions of the places of employment, the availability of teachers and the specifics of the educational institution, included fencing (“rapier science”), horseback riding, rowing, sailing, pistol shooting, dancing and games.

Military reforms of the late XVII and early XVIII v. played a significant role in shaping the system of military physical training in the Russian army. Peter I organizes the Semenovsky and Preobrazhensky amusing regiments. All military-physical training and exercises in the regiments are carried out in conditions close to combat. Significant time in physical training is devoted to mastering the bayonet fight.

At the end of the 30s of the XIX century. physical training begins to stand out as an independent form of military training. The priority tasks are the physical development of soldiers and the strengthening of their health, as well as the ability to better master combat techniques with weapons.

Second half of the 19th century - 1917 - quite a significant period in the field of physical education, which played a significant role in the development of physical culture. During this period, pedagogical and natural-scientific layers of physical education are born, a system of physical education (education) is being created, modern sports are developing.

In Russia, the first experimental private schools for children appear, where an important paramount idea is education in the field of physical development of children. Great importance in the development of physical culture was given to the emergence of a new type of physical culture organizations - public physical culture and sports organizations, which called for healthy lifestyle life, gymnastics, sports and tourism.

Many modern sports are born and begin their development, in which national championships are held for the first time, All-Russian sports organizations are being created. Russia begins to actively participate in the work of international sports associations.

By 1910, football, skating, skiing, and other leagues were created. For the first time, Russian athletes go to international competitions and have the opportunity to hold them in their own country, win the title of European and World champions. Russia is gradually becoming a sports power.

For the first time, Russian athletes participate in the Olympic Games in 1908 in London. Only five athletes come to the Games, and three of them win 3 medals - one gold and two silver. In 1912, 178 Russian athletes are already participating in the V Olympic Games.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917, the development of physical culture changed radically. The new Soviet state and the Communist Party begin to massively develop sports in the young country. The people's power makes physical culture and sports a common property, opens the way to it for everyone who strives for comprehensive physical development. An ideological culture is being formed in the country, and physical culture as its integral part. At factories and factories there are physical culture circles. Young people are drawn to sports. In 1920, the institute of physical culture was opened for the first time in the young Soviet Republic.

From the first years of Soviet power, state and physical culture and sports associations have been implementing a program for the mass development of physical culture and sports among the people. Track and field cross-country, cycling, skiing and other mass competitions are being held more and more often. For the first time in May 1920, a Sports Day is held in the country.

On August 17, 1928, the first All-Union Spartakiad opens on Red Square, which turns into a mass nationwide review of the achievements of the Soviet physical culture movement, becomes an important means of identifying physical abilities among young people and increasing the achievements of Soviet athletes.

The process of development of the scientific foundations of physical culture was largely hampered by their excessive ideologization and politicization. In the 30-50s. Soviet physical culture and sports become part of the ideology of the totalitarian regime, their methodological basis for proclaiming the philosophy of Marxism-Leninism. The main efforts of science in the USSR were aimed at the development of elite sports.

In 1931, the Soviet Union developed the TRP physical culture complex - “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR”, which was based on program-evaluative standards and requirements for physical education of various age groups of the population. The TRP system was the basis of the Soviet system of physical education and was aimed at the comprehensive physical development of people, strengthening and maintaining their health, preparing for highly productive work and protecting the Motherland, and contributed to the formation of the spiritual and moral character of the Soviet person. First, the TRP complex includes stage I, which consists of 21 tests, 13 of which had specific standards. Then stage II is being developed, which already includes 24 types of tests, 19 of them are certain standards. For schoolchildren, the TRP complex was supplemented with the “Be Ready for Labor and Defense” (BGTO) step. In the period 1934-1988. the complex has been repeatedly changed, improved and adjusted in accordance with the spirit of the times, the tasks that confronted the country, and also in connection with the achievements of science in the field of physical education.

In the prewar years and the years of the Great Patriotic War, efforts in the development of physical culture were aimed at organizing military physical training and therapeutic physical culture. In 1939, a new TRP complex was approved. It includes such types of tests as throwing a bunch of grenades, high-speed hiking, overcoming water crossings, crawling, bayonet fighting. These norms became basic and obligatory for that time.

The country returned to the education of physical culture immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War. Already in August 1945, the All-Union parade of athletes was held on Red Square in Moscow. The country is beginning to massively attract young people to the physical culture movement, the country's championships in various sports, sports festivals, sports days, and competitions are beginning to be held.

Sports games are especially popular in the USSR. Such sports as football, basketball, hockey and volleyball are beginning to develop especially successfully. Sports such as gymnastics and athletics are gaining popularity.

On October 23, 1974, the International Olympic Committee at its regular session in Vienna elects Moscow to host the XXII Olympic Games. In favor of our capital is the enormous prestige of Soviet sports, won by victories and achievements in the international arena, a significant contribution to the further development of the Olympic movement in the country.

After the 1980 Olympics, physical culture and sports continue to lead the world arenas - they become a powerful tool in educating young people in the spirit of patriotism, as worthy citizens and defenders of their homeland. After all, young people are the future of the country, and the way they are brought up will directly affect the further development and prosperity of the state.

No matter how we now feel about the totalitarian regime in which our country has been for more than 70 years, we cannot ignore the fact that the Soviet ideology has done a lot for the physical education of a person. This is natural: an ideology based on materialism and extolling physical labor should pay attention to physical education.

So it was while there was the Soviet Union. Then comes the crisis of power, which instantly affects both physical culture and physical education. During the crisis, physical education fades into the background. Financing from the state is being reduced and, as a result, sports schools and sections, children's and youth sports organizations and schools of the Olympic reserve are being closed, physical education and industrial gymnastics, so popular in Soviet times, are disappearing into oblivion. Gradually, a significant part of the sporting events held by the state in those days is forgotten. Mercantile and money-grubbing comes to replace. The importance of mass sports in the public consciousness of the people is drastically falling.

The new state system of physical education begins with the signing of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the establishment of the State Committee for Physical Culture and Tourism. In 1999, the President of the Russian Federation signs the law "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation", which clearly establishes the legal, organizational, economic and social foundations for the activities of physical culture and sports organizations, determines the principles of state policy in the field of physical culture and sports and the Olympic movement in Russia.

In the conditions of socio-economic and political transformations in modern Russia, the development of physical culture and sports in the country, the strengthening of physical and moral spirit, the spiritual health of a person, and the formation of a healthy lifestyle are given a special place. Strengthening people's health, preserving the country's gene pool, bringing up a comprehensively harmonious personality, professional preparation for choosing a future profession - these are some of the main functions of physical education in our modern society.

In solving the tasks set, the modern state attaches enormous importance to the physical education of children and modern youth in society and in the family. After all, only society and the family provide a healthy gene pool for our country. One of the priority tasks of the state is to take care of the health of the entire nation.

Physical culture through physical exercises prepares people for life and work, using the natural forces of nature and the whole complex of factors (mode of work, life, rest, hygiene, etc.) that determine the physical health of a person and the level of his general and special physical fitness.

The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society are its mass use of physical culture in the field of education and upbringing, sports competitions, promotion of physical culture, involvement in physical development through the media.

Bibliography:

1. Goloshchapov B.R. History of physical culture and sports. Textbook for students. higher ped. educational institutions, M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2001
2. Zakharov P.Ya. History of physical culture and sports. Training and metodology complex. Gorno-Altaisk: RIO GAGU, 2009
3. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Publishing house "Az", 1992.
4. Stolbov V.V. History of physical culture and sports. M: Physical culture and sport, 1983

Control work on physical culture

Kharlamova N.

Naberezhnye Chelny 2000

Introduction

"There is nothing nobler than the sun,

giving so much light and warmth. So

and people glorify those contests

there is nothing more majestic than

Olympic Games."

Physical culture is part of the general culture of society, one of the areas of social activity aimed at improving health, developing a person’s physical abilities and using them in accordance with the needs of social practice. The main indicators of the state of physical culture in society: the level of health and physical development of people; the degree of use of Physical culture in the field of upbringing and education, in production, everyday life, the structure of free time; the nature of the system of physical education, the development of mass sports, the highest sports achievements, etc.

The main elements of physical culture: physical exercises, their complexes and competitions in them, hardening of the body, occupational and household hygiene, active-motor types of tourism, physical labor as a form of active recreation for mental workers.

In society, physical culture, being the property of the people, is an important means of "educating a new person who harmoniously combines spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection." It helps to increase the social and labor activity of people, the economic efficiency of production, the physical culture movement relies on the multilateral activities of state and public organizations in the field of physical culture and sports.

Sport is an integral part of physical culture, as well as a means and method of physical education, a system for organizing and conducting competitions in various complexes of physical exercises and preparatory training sessions. Historically, it has developed as a special area for identifying and unified comparison of people's achievements in certain types of physical exercises, their level of physical development. Sport in a broad sense covers the actual competitive activity, special training for it (sports training), specific social relations arising in the field of this activity, its socially significant results. The social value of sports lies in the fact that it is a factor that most effectively stimulates physical culture, contributes to moral, aesthetic education, and the satisfaction of spiritual needs.

Various elements of human activity have historically entered the sphere of sports. Sports that have a centuries-old history developed from original physical exercises, forms of labor and military activity used by a person for the purpose of physical education in ancient times - running, jumping, throwing, lifting weights, rowing, swimming, etc .; part of modern sports was formed in the 19-20 centuries. on the basis of the sport itself and related areas of culture - games, sports and rhythmic gymnastics, modern pentathlon, figure skating, orienteering, sports tourism, etc.; technical sports - based on the development of technology: auto, motorcycle, cycling, aviation sports, scuba diving, etc.

Physical education is an integral part of human life. It occupies a rather important place in the study and work of people. Physical exercise plays a significant role in the working capacity of members of society, which is why knowledge and skills in physical education should be laid down in educational institutions at various levels in stages. Higher educational institutions also play a significant role in the upbringing and teaching of physical culture, where teaching should be based on clear methods, methods that together line up in a well-organized and well-established methodology for teaching and educating students.

The physical culture of the people is part of its history. Its formation, subsequent development is closely connected with the same historical factors that influence the formation and development of the country's economy, its statehood, political and spiritual life of society. Naturally, the concept of physical culture includes everything that is created by the mind, talent, needlework of the people, everything that expresses its spiritual essence, a view of the world, nature, human existence, human relations.

The words of the ancient Greek poet Pindar, written two thousand years ago, are not forgotten to this day. Not forgotten because the Olympic competitions, held at the dawn of civilization, continue to live in the memory of mankind.

Each Olympic Games turned into a holiday for the people, a kind of congress for rulers and philosophers, a competition for sculptors and poets.

The days of the Olympic celebrations are the days of universal peace. For the ancient Hellenes, games were an instrument of peace, facilitating negotiations between cities, promoting mutual understanding and communication between states.

The Olympics glorified man, for the Olympics reflected a worldview, the cornerstone of which was the cult of the perfection of the spirit and body, the idealization of a harmoniously developed person - a thinker and an athlete. Olympionics - the winner of the games - were paid honors by their compatriots, which were awarded to the gods, monuments were created in their honor during their lifetime, laudatory odes were composed, feasts were arranged. The Olympic hero rode into native city on a chariot, dressed in purple, crowned with a wreath, he entered not through an ordinary gate, but through a hole in the wall, which was sealed up on the same day so that the Olympic victory would enter the city and never leave it.

Origin of the Olympic Games

There are no number of myths - one is more beautiful than the other! about the origin of the Olympic Games. Gods, kings, rulers and heroes are considered their most honorable ancestors. One thing has been established with obvious indisputability: the first Olympiad known to us from antiquity took place in 776 BC.

Olympia - the center of the Olympic world

The center of the Olympic world of antiquity was the sacred district of Zeus in Olympia - a grove along the Alpheus River at the confluence of the Kladei stream into it. In this beautiful town of Hellas, traditional all-Greek competitions in honor of the god of thunder were held almost three hundred times.

Olympia owes its surviving glory entirely to the Olympic Games, although they were held there only once every four years and lasted a few days.

olympic fire

During the summer solstice, competitors and organizers, pilgrims and fans paid homage to the gods by lighting a fire on the altars of Olympia. The winner of the running competition was honored to light the fire for the sacrifice. In the reflections of this fire, the rivalry of athletes took place, the competition of artists, an agreement on peace was concluded by messengers from cities and peoples.

That is why the tradition of lighting a fire, and later delivering it to the venue of the competition, was renewed.

Among the Olympic rituals, the ceremony of lighting a fire in Olympia and delivering it to the main arena of the games is especially emotional. This is one of the traditions of the modern Olympic movement. Millions of people can watch the exciting journey of fire through countries, and sometimes even continents, with the help of television.

The Olympic flame first flared up at the Amsterdam Stadium on the first day of the 1928 games. This is an indisputable fact. However, until recently, most researchers in the field of Olympic history have not found confirmation that this fire was delivered, as tradition dictates, by relay from Olympia.

The beginning of the torch relay races, which brought fire from Olympia to the city of the Summer Olympics, was laid in 1936. Since then, the opening ceremonies of the Olympic Games have been enriched by the exciting spectacle of lighting the fire from the torch carried by the relay in the main Olympic stadium. The Torchbearer Run has been the solemn prologue of the Games for more than four decades. On June 20, 1936, a fire was lit in Olympia, which then made a 3075 km journey along the road of Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Germany. And in 1948, the torch made its first sea voyage.

Greek games

A distinctive feature of the ancient Greeks was agon, i.e. competitive start. Noble aristocrats in Homer's poems compete in strength, dexterity and perseverance, victory brings glory and honor, not material wealth. Gradually, the idea of ​​winning the competition as the highest value, glorifying the winner and bringing him honor and respect in society, is being affirmed in society. The formation of ideas about the agon gave rise to various games that were of an aristocratic nature (slaves, semi-free and foreigners could not participate in the games). The oldest and most important games were first held in 776 BC. in honor of Olympian Zeus and since then repeated every four years (the venue was Olympia in the Peloponnese). They lasted five days and during this time the sacred peace was proclaimed throughout Greece. The only reward for the winner was an olive branch. An athlete who won the games three times (“olympionist”) received the right to install his statue in the sacred grove of the temple of Olympian Zeus. Athletes competed in running, fisticuffs, chariot races. Later, the Pythian Games in Delphi (in honor of Apollo) were added to the Olympic Games - the award was a laurel wreath, the Isthmian (in honor of the god Poseidon) on the Isthmus of Corinth, where the award was a wreath of pine branches, and, finally, the Nemean Games (in honor of Zeus) . The participants of all the games performed naked, so women, under pain of death, were forbidden to attend the games. (both boys and girls performed naked in Sparta). The beautiful naked body of an athlete became one of the most common motifs in ancient Greek art.

The program of games presented:

One stadia sprint (192.27 m), From 724 B.C. added a run for a distance of 2 stages (384.54 m).

In 720 B.C. a long distance was introduced - a stadia-long circle (stadium) had to be run 24 times (4614 m).

From 708 BC - pentathlon (pentathlon): jumping, running, discus throwing, javelin (javelin) throwing, wrestling;

From 688 BC - fist fight;

From 680 BC - competitions in chariots harnessed by four horses; in the middle of the 7th century BC pancraty was added - a fight in which any tricks were allowed.

In 632 B.C. allowed young people to compete in running, wrestling, fisticuffs. Subsequently - races of warriors in full armor in chariots with a pair of horses, horse racing.

roman games

From an early time, various festivities and performances played an important role in the public life of Rome. At first, public performances were also religious ceremonies; they were an indispensable part of religious holidays.

In the VI century. BC e. they began to arrange performances of a secular (not religious) nature, and not priests, but officials began to be responsible for their conduct. The venue for such performances was no longer the altar of one or another god, but a circus located in a lowland between the Palatine and Aventine hills.

The earliest Roman civil holiday was the feast of the Roman Games. For several centuries it was the only civil holiday of the Romans. From the 3rd century BC. new representations are established. The Plebeian Games are of great importance. At the end of III - beginning of II century. BC e. the Apollo Games were also established, games in honor of the Great Mother of the Gods - the Megalen Games, as well as florals - in honor of the goddess Flora. These games were annual and regular, but in addition to them, extraordinary games could also be arranged depending on a successful war, deliverance from an invasion, a given vow, or simply the desire of a magistrate.

Games lasted from 14 - 15 days (Roman and Plebeian Games) to 6 - 7 days (Floralia). The total duration of all the holidays of these games (ordinary) reached 76 days a year.

Each festival consisted of several sections: 1) a solemn procession led by a magistrate who organized the games, called a pomp, 2) direct competitions in the circus, chariots, horse races, etc., 3) stage performances in the theater of Greek and Roman plays authors. The performances usually ended with a feast, a mass meal, sometimes for several thousand tables. The device games required a lot of money. For example, the Roman Games were allocated in the middle of the 1st century. BC e. 760 thousand sesterces, Plebeian Games - 600 thousand, Apollo - 380 thousand. As a rule, the money issued from the treasury was not enough and the magistrates responsible for organizing the games contributed their own money, sometimes exceeding the allocated amount.

Gladiator fights

Gladiator fights are developing unusually in Rome. Gladiator fights have been held in Etruscan cities since the 6th century BC. BC e. From the Etruscans they entered Rome. For the first time in 264, a battle of three pairs of gladiators was arranged in Rome. Over the next century and a half, gladiator games were held at the wake of noble persons, were called funeral games and were of the nature of a private performance. Gradually, the popularity of gladiator fights is growing.

In 105 BC. e. gladiatorial fights were declared part of the public spectacles and magistrates began to take care of their organization. Along with the magistrates, private individuals also had the right to fight. To give a performance of a gladiator fight meant to gain popularity among the Roman citizens and be elected to public office. And since there were many who wanted to get a magistrate's position, the number of gladiator fights is growing. Several tens and even hundreds of pairs of gladiators worth several hundred thousand sesterces are already being brought into the arena. Gladiator fights become a favorite spectacle not only in the city of Rome, but also in all Italian, and later in provincial cities. They were so popular that Roman architects created a special, previously unknown type of building - an amphitheater, where gladiatorial fights and baiting of animals were held. The amphitheaters were designed for several tens of thousands of spectators and exceeded the capacity of theater buildings by several times.

The number of performances, both private and public, in Rome and other cities and their duration constantly increased, and their importance grew more and more. At the end of the Republic, magistrates and statesmen considered holding public performances an important part of their state activities. Under the conditions of an aristocratic republic, where all power was concentrated in the hands of a narrow elite of the slave-owning class, the ruling group considered the organization of public performances one of the means to divert the broad masses of Roman citizenship from active state activity. Not surprisingly, the growth of public performances was accompanied by a decline in the importance of popular assemblies and their political role.

In 394 AD e. The Roman emperor Theodosius 1 issued a decree prohibiting the further holding of the Olympic Games. The emperor converted to Christianity and decided to eradicate anti-Christian games glorifying pagan gods. And one and a half thousand years the games were not played. In the following centuries, sport lost the democratic significance that was attached to it in ancient Greece. For a long time it became the privilege of the "chosen" fraud, ceased to play the role of the most accessible means of communication between peoples.

Revival of the Olympic Games

With the advent of the Renaissance, which restored interest in the art of Ancient Greece, they remembered the Olympic Games. At the beginning of the 19th century Sport has received universal recognition in Europe and there was a desire to organize something similar to the Olympic Games. Local games organized in Greece in 1859, 1870, 1875 and 1879 left some trace in history. Although they did not give tangible practical results in the development of the international Olympic movement, they served as an impetus for the formation of the Olympic Games of our time, which owe their revival to the French public figure, teacher, historian Pierre De Coubertin. The growth of economic and cultural communication between states that arose at the end of the 18th century, the emergence of modern modes of transport, paved the way for the revival of the Olympic Games on an international scale. That is why the call of Pierre De Coubertin: "We need to make sport international, we need to revive the Olympic Games!", found a proper response in many countries.

On June 23, 1894, in Paris, in the Great Hall of the Sorbonne, a commission for the revival of the Olympic Games met. Pierre de Coubertin became its general secretary. Then the International Olympic Committee (IOC) took shape, which included the most authoritative and independent citizens of different countries.

By decision of the IOC, the games of the first Olympiad were held in April 1896 in the Greek capital at the Panathini Stadium. The energy of Coubertin and the enthusiasm of the Greeks overcame many obstacles and made it possible to carry out the planned program of the first games of our time. Spectators enthusiastically accepted the colorful opening and closing ceremonies of the revived sports festival, awarding the winners of the competitions. The interest in the competition was so great that 80 thousand spectators could fit in the marble stands of the Panathini Stadium, designed for 70,000 seats. The success of the revival of the Olympic Games was confirmed by the public and the press of many countries, who welcomed the initiative.

However, even at the beginning of the preparations for the Games in Athens, difficulties related to the economic weakness of Greece were revealed. Prime Minister Trikonis immediately told Coubertin that Athens was not in a position to carry out such a major international event, associated with large expenditures of funds and volumes of work to rebuild the city and sports facilities. Only the support of the population helped to overcome this obstacle. Prominent Greek public figures formed an Organizing Committee and raised funds. The fund for the preparation of the games received private contributions, which formed large sums. Postage stamps were issued in honor of the Olympic Games. The proceeds from their sale went to the training fund. The energetic measures of the organizing committee and the participation of the entire population of Greece brought the desired results.

And yet, the obvious unpreparedness of Greece for serious events of this magnitude affected, first of all, the sports results of the competition, which were low even according to the estimates of that time. There was only one reason for this - the lack of properly equipped facilities.

The famous Panathenaic stadium was dressed in white marble, but its capacity was clearly insufficient. The sports arena did not withstand any criticism. Too narrow, having a slope at one edge, it turned out to be ill-suited for athletics competitions. The soft cinder track to the finish line had an increase, and the turns were too steep. Swimmers competed on the high seas, where the start and finish lines were marked with ropes stretched between the floats. In such conditions, one could not even dream of high achievements. It became clear that athletes cannot achieve high results in the primitive arena of the stadium. In addition, the unprecedented influx of tourists who rushed to Athens revealed the need to adapt the city economy to receive and serve them.

Currently, the Marble Stadium in Athens is not used for competitions, remaining a monument to the first games. Naturally, the organization of the modern Olympic Games is only possible for economically developed countries, whose cities have the necessary sports facilities and are well-equipped enough to properly receive the required number of guests. When deciding on the next games of 1900-1904 in Paris in St. Louis, the IOC proceeded from the fact that world exhibitions were held in these cities at the same time. The calculation was simple - selected cities in France and the United States already had the minimum necessary sports facilities, and preparations for world exhibitions provided conditions for servicing tourists and participants in the games.

The preparation for the games of the 2nd Olympiad did not add anything essentially new to the famous Parisian ensembles.

Quite good results were shown at the competitions of the Games of the 2nd Olympiad in Paris. However, calculations on the use of existing facilities and the combination of the Games with the World Exhibition did not justify themselves. Competitions were held in arenas that were far from each other and were not designed for a large number of spectators. Athletics was held in the Bois de Boulogne on the dirt tracks of the Resing Club, swimming in Asnieres, gymnastics in the Bois de Vincennes, fencing in the Tuileries, tennis on the Puteaux Island. The Paris Games became part of the program of the third World Exhibition. They attracted few spectators and were poorly reflected in the press.

Even less effective were the games of the 3rd Olympiad, held for the first time on the American continent in St. Louis. They were also timed to coincide with the 1904 World's Fair. The vast majority of participants were Americans themselves. Competitions were held mainly in sports grounds University of Washington, designed for 40 thousand seats. The stadium's running track had a straight line - 200 m. The swimmers started in an artificial riverbed in the exhibition area from a hastily put together raft. These games left an inconspicuous mark in the history of the Olympic movement.

The organizers of the IV Olympiad in London took into account the mistakes of their predecessors. The White-city stadium with a grandstand for 100,000 seats was erected in the capital of Great Britain in a short time. A hundred-meter swimming pool, an arena for wrestling competitions and an artificial ice rink were also placed on its territory.

The Olympic Games in London marked the beginning of the construction of special sports complexes for their holding. The correctness of this decision was confirmed by the high results shown by the competing athletes at the White-city stadium, and the great interest in the games shown by sports fans and the press in many countries. When building "White-city", the architects for the first time raised the problem of creating a complex of sports facilities in one area.

The popularity of the modern Olympic movement was reinforced by the games of the V Olympiad in Stockholm. Their clear organization, and most importantly, a specially built royal stadium brought the games a well-deserved success. The small size of the stadium, a wooden canopy over the stands created good visibility and acoustics. The stadium was equipped with circular walkways and tunnels. All subsequent games left an indelible mark on the history of the Olympic movement not only in the form of high sports achievements, but also in the form of unique works of architecture, equipped with progressive technical devices that contribute to the high achievements of athletes, improving the structure of cities - the capitals of the Olympic Games.

The Games of the VII Olympiad of 1920 were held in the Belgian city of Antwerp. The Olympic Stadium was designed as an urban building. Here, for the first time, sports fans watched hockey matches played on artificial ice. For the competition of cyclists, a large velodrome "Garden-city" was equipped. A section of the Vilbreck canal was transformed into a water stadium for rowing competitions. The football tournament was held at the Beerschot Stadium. At the Olympic Stadium, during the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games, a white flag with five interlaced rings was raised, symbolizing the unity of athletes from all continents, and the Olympic oath was recited.

In 1924, the thirtieth anniversary of the Olympic movement was celebrated. The honor of organizing the games of the VIII Olympiad was given to Paris. This time, Paris was carefully preparing for the Olympic Games. To this end, an architectural competition was announced for the best design of the Olympic Stadium. The winner of the competition, M. Fort-Dujaric, developed a project for a modern stadium with stands for 100,000 seats, a complex of sports facilities for competitions in various sports and an Olympic village for 2,000 athletes. Although it was not possible to implement the project, it served as an incentive for the creation of similar complexes in the future. On the outskirts of Paris, the Colombe Stadium was built with stands for 40,000 seats, meeting the requirements of that time, but not distinguished by its particular beauty and convenience for spectators. Swimmers competed in the "Turret" pool. The games were a great success. High sports results were shown. More than 600 thousand spectators attended the competitions.

For this Olympiad, a dwelling was built for some of the athletes. These were wooden one-story houses with bathrooms and showers.

The Games of the IX Olympiad (1928) were held in Amsterdam, a major economic and cultural center of the Netherlands. Within the city limits, a stadium was built for the games, which adjoined the city park. Auxiliary rooms are equipped in the under-tribune space. The stadium for 40 thousand seats was distinguished by a tower above the stands, imitating a windmill.

The Games of the X Olympiad in the American city of Los Angeles (1932) marked the beginning of the formation of the city's Olympic complex, which included a stadium, a swimming pool, and the Olympic Village. The Coliseum Stadium (1923), built in the antique style, was reconstructed for the Olympics, its stands began to accommodate over 100,000 spectators. For that time, the stadium was the highest achievement of sports architecture. The Olympic torch burned above the central arch of the stadium. Having outlined a large program of the Games, the organizers were faced with the need to disperse the venues for competitions in various sports. So, rowers competed on a specially built canal in Long Beach, cyclists competed in the city of Passadena, where a temporary cycle track was built, which was dismantled after the Games. Equestrian competitions were held outside the city.

For the first time, an Olympic village was built for the resettlement of athletes. It consisted of 700 prefabricated residential houses located in its community center. The organization of the village provided favorable conditions for close contacts and mutual understanding between athletes from different countries.

However, the remoteness of the venue for the Games of European countries and the insufficient development of transport links had a negative impact on the number of participants.

In 1932, it was decided to hold the Games of the 11th Olympiad in Berlin. In 1933, the Nazis came to power in Germany. they began to use the preparations for the Olympics for their propaganda purposes. For the Games in Berlin, a complex was erected, which was distinguished by excessive splendor. The project of the architect Werner March was awarded a gold medal at the games. The main arena of the stadium could accommodate 100,000 spectators. Another 150,000 watched the competitions held in the swimming pool, gym and stadium designed for hockey.

The Games of the 14th Olympiad, held in 1948 in London, showed with their own eyes how great is the desire of people for peace and mutual cooperation. Organized under the conditions of a brutal post-war austerity regime, they nevertheless attracted a record number of participating countries for that time (59) and many tourists.

No new sports facilities were built for the games. The old Olympic stadium, built for the 1908 games, was unusable due to a poor running track. The main sports facility of the Olympiad was the Imperial Stadium in Wembley with 60,000 seats. For the first time in London, swimming competitions were held in an indoor pool.

At Wembley Stadium, the solemn opening ceremony of the post-war games was greeted with enthusiasm. At that time, of course, they did not have to expect either high sports results, or splendor of design, or special worries about increased comfort for sports fans who came to England. But the very fact of world holiday physical culture shortly after the end of World War II became a confirmation of the life of the Olympic movement.

The Games of the XV Olympiad in 1952 in Helsinki turned out to be even more representative. It was there that athletes from the Soviet Union entered the Olympic arena among 69 national teams for the first time. Debutants, contrary to forecasts, have achieved amazing success. In the unofficial standings, they shared the first and second places on points with the generally recognized favorites - the US athletes.

The high sports results achieved by athletes at the 1952 Olympiad were largely the result of optimal competition conditions created on facilities specially built for the games.

The stadium includes a running track (400 m), a football field, athletics sectors. The main tribune is covered with a canopy. Ancillary facilities are located below it.

1956 marked a new stage in the development of the Olympic movement. The Games of the XVI Olympiad were first held on the Australian continent in Melbourne. The remoteness of the new Olympic capital from the vast majority of developed countries, the peculiar climatic conditions created certain difficulties for the participants and guests of the games who arrived on the "green continent". But the organizers have made a lot of effort to overcome these obstacles. High sports achievements shown by the envoys from different countries became the best assessment of the organizing committee's activities.

Preparations for the games of the XVI Olympiad became an outstanding event for the architects of Australia and largely determined the nature of the further development of architecture on the continent.

The Games of the XVII Olympiad in 1960 in Rome can rightly be considered the beginning of a new direction in organizing the preparation of subsequent Olympiads. For the first time, an attempt was made to cover the entire range of issues to be resolved by the organizing committee. Along with the preparation and construction of sports complexes and individual facilities, much attention was paid to improving the infrastructure of the Olympic capital - Rome. New modern highways were laid through the ancient city, a number of old buildings and structures were demolished. Symbolizing the connection of the current games with the Ancient Greek, some of the most ancient architectural monuments of Rome were converted to host competitions in individual sports.

A simple enumeration of the Olympic facilities that were used to host competitions and accommodate participants in the Games gives some idea of ​​the scale of preparation.

Topped the list of the main Olympic stadium "Stadium Olimpico" with a capacity of 100,000 spectators. It hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the games, as well as athletics and equestrian competitions.

One of the most notable objects was recognized as the "Velodromo Olimpico", on the track of which cyclists competed. This facility is still considered one of the best velodromes in the world today.

After the Olympics in Rome, experts began to attach great importance to the possibility of using facilities in the post-Olympic period.

The Games of the Roman Olympiad are also notable for the fact that television programs were broadcast from them to some European countries. Although the transmissions went on radio relay and cable lines, but this was already a sign of the scientific and technological revolution entering the sports arenas.

During the preparation of the Games of the XVIII Olympiad in Tokyo (1964), $ 2,668 million was spent, including $ 460 million to provide the material and technical base of the games, the rest of the funds went to organizational purposes and to the development of the city's infrastructure.

The organizers of the first Olympic Games on the Asian continent have prepared more than 110 different facilities for competitions and training of athletes. The huge capital of Japan has changed. There are new metro lines and a monorail city Railway. Dilapidated buildings were demolished and streets widened. To solve the transport problem of the city, high-speed highways were laid through it. Street junctions were built by building overpasses and bridges. The hotel industry of the Japanese capital has significantly replenished. The indoor facilities, the sports halls in Yoyogi Park, became the true center of the Tokyo Olympics. Their architectural appearance was borrowed from nature.

Olympic construction largely predetermined the future direction of urban development in Japan.

A characteristic feature of the Tokyo Games was the absolute entry of electronics into the Olympic arenas. Its use in sports refereeing has greatly increased its accuracy and efficiency. A new stage in the development of the mass media was opened by television broadcasts through space, which crossed the borders of the continents and attached an unthinkable number of viewers to what was happening in the Olympic arenas. The opportunity to see the Olympic Games to any person on earth immeasurably increased the popularity of the Olympic movement.

In 1968, the Olympic Games were held for the first time in Latin America. The city of Mexico honorably fulfilled the honorary duty of the host of the Games of the XIX Olympiad. This was largely facilitated by the growing flow of tourists from different countries, which has a beneficial effect on the Mexican economy, on the expansion of international contacts, contributing to the expansion of national culture.

The organizers of the Games of the XX Olympiad in Munich took into account the experience of Rome, Tokyo and Mexico City and did everything possible to surpass the achievements of their predecessors. First of all, the infrastructure of the capital of the Olympiad - 72 was improved. The grandiose Olympic complex of sports facilities "Oberwiesenfeld" was built anew. It included: a stadium of original design, a universal sports palace, an indoor cycle track and a swimming pool. In addition, a shooting complex, a rowing canal, a hippodrome and a number of other sports facilities were built. The organizers of the Games declared Munich the Olympic center of short distances and green landscapes.

Taking into account the unusual influx of tourists, the organizers reconstructed the city center, built metro lines, laid new access roads to the city, and increased the hotel stock 10 times. To accommodate the athletes, huge buildings of the Olympic village were erected, in which 10-15 thousand temporary residents could settle.

Starting preparations for the 1980 Olympiad, its organizers thoroughly studied the experience of their predecessors and the traditions of the Olympic movement.

The stadium in Luzhniki was determined as the main arena for the games of the 22nd Olympiad.

Physical training of feudal lords. Knight - professional warrior

Around the knights, whom some call fearless warriors, devoted vassals, defenders of the weak, noble servants of beautiful ladies, gallant cavaliers, in essence, the history of the European Middle Ages revolved, because at that time they were the only real power. The strength that everyone needed: kings, churches; smaller lords, peasants. The townspeople, however, did not need knights, but they always used their military experience. After all, a knight is primarily a professional warrior. But not just a warrior. Knight, rater, chevalier, etc. means rider in all languages. But not just a rider, But a rider in a helmet, armor, with a shield, spear and sword. All this equipment was very expensive: at the end of the 10th century, when the calculation was not for money, but for cattle, a set of weapons, then not so plentiful and complex, together with a horse cost 45 cows or 15 mares. And this is the size of the herd or herd of the whole village.

But it’s not enough to pick up a weapon - you need to be able to use it perfectly. This requires relentless, tiring training from a very young age. No wonder boys from knightly families were taught to wear armor from childhood - complete sets for 6-8-year-old children are known. Therefore, a heavily armed rider must be a wealthy man with time. Large rulers could only keep a very small number of such warriors at court. Where to get the rest? After all, a strong peasant, even if he has 45 cows, will not give them away for a pile of iron and a beautiful horse, but not suitable for farming. There was a way out: the king obliged small landowners to work for a certain time for a large one, to supply him with the right amount of food and handicrafts, and he had to be ready for a certain number of days a year to serve the king as a heavily armed horseman.

A complex feudal system was built on such relations in Europe. And by the XI-XII centuries. heavily armed cavalry became a caste of knights. Access to this privileged estate became more and more difficult, based already on generosity, which was confirmed by letters and coats of arms.

For an oath of allegiance to the lord, the knight received land with peasants working for him, the right to judge them, the right to collect and appropriate taxes, the right to hunt, the right to the first night, etc. He could go to the courts of the lords, have fun all day long, drink away, lose in the cities the money collected from the peasants. His duties were reduced to ensuring that during the hostilities he served on his grubs to the seigneur for about a month a year, and usually even less.

Well, how did the knights fight? Differently. It is very difficult to compare them with someone else, because they were militarily left to their own devices in Europe. Of course, infantry also participated in the battles - each knight brought with him servants armed with spears and axes, and large rulers hired large detachments of archers and crossbowmen. But until the XIV century. the outcome of the battle was always determined by a few gentlemen-knights, while numerous infantry servants were for the masters, although necessary, but only half the battle. The knights did not take them into account at all. And what could a crowd of untrained peasants do against a professional fighter clad in armor on a mighty horse? The knights despised their own infantry. Burning with impatience to fight with a worthy opponent, that is, a knight, they trampled on their horses who were interfering with their own foot warriors. With the same indifference, the knights treated riders without armor, only with swords and light spears. In one of the battles, when a group of knights was attacked by a detachment of light horsemen, they did not even budge, but simply slashed the enemy horses with their long spears and only then rode on a worthy enemy knights.

It was here that the real battle took place: two horsemen clad in iron, covered with shields, putting forward long spears, were knocked down from a raid, and from a terrible ramming blow, reinforced by the weight of the armor and the weight of the horse, combined with the speed of movement, the enemy with a cracked shield and ripped open chain mail or simply stunned flew out of the saddle. If the armor held out, and the spears broke, cutting with swords began. It was by no means graceful swordsmanship: the blows were rare but terrible. Their strength is evidenced by the remains of warriors who died in the battles of the Middle Ages - chopped skulls, chopped tibia. It was for the sake of such a battle that the knights lived. In such a battle, they rushed headlong, forgetting about caution, about the elementary system, violating the orders of the commanders. Although what orders there were only offered to the knights to keep the line, they were asked.

At the slightest sign of victory, the knight rushed to plunder the enemy's camp, forgetting about everything - and for the sake of this, the knights also lived. No wonder some kings, forbidding fighters to break the battle formation during the offensive and the course of the battle, because of robbery, built gallows before the battle for unrestrained vassals. The fight could be quite long. After all, it usually broke up into an endless number of fights, when the opponents were chasing each other.

Knightly honor was understood in a very peculiar way. The Charter of the Templars allowed the knight to attack the enemy from the front and back, right and left, wherever he could be damaged. But if the enemy managed to force at least a few knights to retreat, their comrades-in-arms, noticing this, as a rule, hit a stampede, which not a single commander was able to stop. How many kings have lost their victory just because they lost their heads prematurely with fear!

A knight is an individual fighter, a privileged warrior. He is a professional from birth and in military affairs is equal to any of his class up to the king. In battle, he depends only on himself and stands out, he can be the first only by showing his courage, the quality factor of his armor and the agility of his horse. And he showed it with all his might. From the end of the 11th century, during the Crusades, spiritual and chivalric orders began to emerge with strict regulations governing military operations.

Martial arts of China

Due to the fact that in China there is a "craze" for martial arts and health-improving areas, physical culture plays an important role in education. Beginning with early age, Chinese kids are happy to come to class. Already at the age of 5-6, they compete in competitions, participate in all kinds of spectacular events related to the traditions of the Chinese people. Education in children from childhood instills a reverent attitude towards their culture, their ancestors, roots. But the most important thing is that at the same time they get good physical development, knowledge of life philosophy and even "control" over their health. After all, such types as taijiquan and qigong are nothing but holistic healing. I want to note that older people are also engaged in recreational activities and sometimes even martial arts.

The beginnings of wushu arose earlier than Chinese statehood, but before the 4th-3rd centuries. BC. there were no systems (schools) of wushu yet, there was only the training of warriors, “military craft”. Initially, it had the form of dance-combat exercises, and later acquired the status of a paramilitary academic discipline in special educational institutions.

By the end of the III century BC. e. all individual training of warriors was united under the name "ui". This term persisted for many centuries and subsequently became synonymous with wushu. Wu yi included juedi (wrestling), shoubo (hand-to-hand combat), and a technique for working with weapons. The training was based on sets of formal exercises - ta-olu - which were performed both individually and with partners. The complexes imitated a fight with bare hands, a fight with a weapon, defense against an armed attack.

During the periods of "Spring and Autumn" (770-476 BC) and the Warring States (475-221 BC), the largest Chinese philosophers lived and worked: Confucius, Lao Tzu, Men Tzu , Chuang Tzu. They gave China a spiritual impulse that influenced the development of all of East Asia in the next couple of millennia. In the 1st century AD Buddhism began to penetrate China from India. All philosophical systems taught to see the common behind the heterogeneous things of everyday life. Since not only ordinary warriors were engaged in martial arts (even some emperors did not shy away from fighting on platforms), the Chinese martial arts gradually began to merge with philosophical systems, outgrowing the level of a simple set of combat techniques. Perhaps it is precisely because of this that they have not been lost for centuries, but have developed and survived to this day.

Around the 6th century, the Indian missionary Bodhidharma came to China, who began to preach Buddhism in the Shaolin Monastery near Luoyang. According to legend, it was he who founded the famous Shaolin wushu style. According to legend, later Shaolin monks helped return the throne to the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty - Li Shi-min - and he allowed the monastery to maintain monastic troops. A special term appeared - usen (monk-fighter).

In the Sung era (960-1279), many monks, including usens, began to leave for the world, resigning their monastic obligations. In the XII century. Shaolin Wushu fell into decline due to numerous persecutions of Buddhism and the Mongol invasion. But in 1224, a young man came to Shaolin Monastery and took the monastic name Jueyuan. Seeing the deplorable state of wushu in the monastery, he decided that the true tradition of martial art had been lost, and began to revive it. He, in fact, created a new style that has survived to this day.

Now the state is still pursuing a policy of turning wushu into a sport. Among young people who have not seen true wushu, chang quan and nan quan are popularized, as well as sports and health versions of ancient styles. Rules for conducting fights have been created (fighting by the rules is simply unthinkable in traditional wushu). As folk masters say, “to win fights according to the rules of sanshou, you need to practice boxing, not wushu.” Traditional wushu continues to exist, but does not intersect with the state.

The All China Wushu Academy is located in Beijing. In essence, it is one of the faculties of the local institute of physical education, but it enjoys some autonomy and works according to a special program, the purpose of which is to make this sport world-wide, to win universal recognition. In the meantime, hundreds of young people are taking a course of sciences at the Academy, who have sufficiently studied its techniques and methods since childhood, the origins of which are lost in the depths of prehistoric times.

History of hand-to-hand combat

The development of hand-to-hand combat BC

The formation of hand-to-hand combat is inextricably linked with the development of society. After all, the entire history of civilization is replete with military conflicts. The earliest references to hand-to-hand combat are found in the epic of the Middle East, India and China. And the first monuments of fine art with scenes of fights date back to the 4th-3rd millennium BC. For example, the image of two fighting men on a limestone slab for sacrifices found in Mesopotamia. Or a plate showing a duel using spears. A relief with a fistfight scene is known, dating back to the second half of the 3rd millennium. The earliest monument of Egyptian culture associated with wrestling is a depiction of a series of movements found in the tomb of Fiohhoten (mid-3rd millennium BC) in Saqqara. This testifies to the Pharaoh's mastery of the fighting technique.

The history of Egyptian culture is divided into 4 main eras of the heyday of the state, marked by the rule of 31 royal dynasties: the Old Kingdom (XXVII-XXIII centuries BC), the Middle Kingdom (XXI-XVIII centuries BC) , New Kingdom (XVI-XI centuries BC, late periods. Each era was a certain stage in the development of ancient culture and had its own characteristics.

In the era of the Old Kingdom, games reminiscent of military operations and the capture of captives were popular among children. In the images of the Middle Kingdom period, the games of children were replaced by the games of youth. For young men, the struggle comes to the fore. The image of a series of techniques indicates that the fight was preceded by special training, and many fights were held with the participation of a judge.

In the era of the Middle Kingdom, the number of troops increases, which is associated with campaigns in Asia Minor. There is evidence that wrestling has also been used to train troops.

During the period of the New Kingdom, professional warriors appeared. In addition, there is a hypothesis that the troops included special detachments of fighters. This is evidenced by a drawing (approximately 1410 BC) depicting a group of Nubian warriors with a standard, where two wrestlers are drawn.

Analysis of historical material shows that in ancient Egypt there were separate types of athletic competitions. The most common of them were wrestling, fisticuffs, martial arts with sticks, running, as well as boating competitions, the purpose of which was to turn the boat with the enemy crew using special long sticks.

Fisticuffs, wrestling, acrobatic exercises were extremely popular in another region of the Mediterranean - on the island of Crete, where in the III millennium BC. The Minoan culture was born. Martial arts were an indispensable attribute of all the festivities. Moreover, as the frescoes show, the equipment of the fisticuffs was similar to that of a military one. A metal helmet protected the head and face. Special leather strips and leather shoes protect hands and feet from injury. The pinnacle of athletic performances in Crete, no doubt, was the cult martial arts with a bull, which was conducted in the form of an acrobatic game - jumping over an angry animal or onto it, followed by jumping off. These games under an hour ended tragically.

Thus, it can be stated that in this time period (until the 1st millennium AD, martial arts played an important role in the development of physical education systems in Egypt and neighboring countries. However, the assertions that martial arts existed as established systems of military training and education are incorrect. This happened only after the VIII Century BC It is interesting that almost simultaneously in Europe (in Greece) and in Asia (in India, China).

However, the RB systems were formed and developed separately and had significant distinctive features, which are explained by various climatic and geographical ethnic cultural and religious facts.

The population of ancient India had valuable traditions in the field of ritual health-improving gymnastics, dance and self-defense without weapons, and in ancient Indian descriptions for the first time there are mentions of such forms of duel and martial arts, the style of which is characterized by striking with a hand and foot on pain-sensitive parts of the body of the enemy, and as well as choking techniques. With the conquest of India by the nomadic tribes of the Indo-Aryans (1200-600 BC), caste differentiation occurs. The Aryans separate themselves into the Aryan caste and monopolize physical culture. People of non-Aryan origin were forbidden to exercise with weapons, yoga and horseback riding. In ancient Indian beliefs and epics such as the Mahabharata and Ramayana, describes the very high level of training of the Aryan castes. They were able to successfully fight against outnumbered opponents on the plains - on war chariots and on horseback, in areas flooded with water on elephants and boats, on wooded and bushy areas using a bow, on mountainous and hilly terrain - with a sword and shield. They also recognized duels with weapons and even bare hands as a factor that decides the fate of the battle. Despite the prohibitions of the Aryans, the Indian people continued to live, preserve and improve self-defense exercises without weapons. However, they did not find mass distribution and took place in the form of secret rites, hidden from prying eyes, to which only initiates were allowed. The methods of training under such conditions were extremely harsh. For comprehensive preparation, first of all, exercises were used that promote the development of psychological stability, self-confidence. To this end, training in self-defense exercises was carried out under a stream of water falling from a waterfall, on the edge of a sheer cliff or gorge, near a burning flame, the exercises alternated with jumping over the flame. In addition, practiced being in the pouring rain long time, sleeping on bare ground, taking fighting positions or stances and being in fighting positions for several hours, standing for a long time on the tips of your fingers or holding your own weight, clinging to a stone ledge or a tree branch. We also used exercises related to transcendental (going beyond consciousness) autogenic immersion. Subsequently, such a system of physical exercises was not widely used in India itself, however, it was brought to China by Tibet, Japan and other countries bordering on them by wandering missionary monks. In Japan, they appeared in the Middle Ages in the form of the Yamabushi Buddhist sects and the secret ninja clans.

Along with India, in the period related to the III millennium BC. e in the valley of the Yellow River and Yangtze in China, the first sprouts of systematic physical exercises appear. Along with the ancient holidays and the customs and rituals associated with them, Chinese temples often refer to a written presumably written in 2698 BC. a book called "Kungfu", which for the first time systematized qualified descriptions of various exercises common among the people of therapeutic gymnastics, analgesic massage, ritual dances that heal from infertility, as well as "combat dances". Nevertheless, there is no exact evidence confirming this information yet, but it is fashionable to assume that we are talking about the "Book of Changes" ("I-ching") - a sacred scripture that for more than 3 thousand years was the basis for the development of Lao philosophy , historical science, astronomy, medicine and martial arts of the East. The Book of Changes consists of encoded mathematical and figurative symbols, which contain the achievements of ancient Eastern thought about the world and man. For martial arts, its significance has not lost its relevance in our time.

The medical and therapeutic movements and military training, which, in addition to owning weapons, included training in hand-to-hand combat without weapons, were seriously systematized already during the reign of the first dynasty of Chinese emperors - Shang (Yin - XIV-XI centuries BC. .). Historical sources indicate that the basis of military training was the following elements: chariot competitions, archery, hunting, javelin throwing and hand-to-hand combat without weapons. When conducting fisticuffs, the ability not only to inflict accurate and strong blows, but also to dodge them no less skillfully in order to cause internal confusion in the enemy, i.e. was especially highly valued. convince him of his inability to resist and fight.

Thus, from about the VI century BC. e. Far Eastern martial arts began to take shape as complex systems that have not only a military focus, but also philosophical, religious, ethical, cultural, and even medical.

In the period of VIII-IV centuries. BC e. achieve a high development of martial arts in Ancient Greece, and first of all, in Sparta. Constant wars and the assessment of military prowess as the highest human dignity led in Sparta to the creation of a state-controlled system of physical education for young people (boys and girls). The physical education of young men was based on such exercises as wrestling, running, javelin and discus throwing, and was supplemented by various military, hunting games, as well as dances, the most popular of which was a military dance in full combat gear. Training grounds were called palestras (from the word "pale" - struggle). In the future, such a concept as palestry is formed, which includes many elements of physical education. Among the exercises related to the palestra, hand-to-hand fights, fisticuffs, freestyle wrestling, wrestling and throwing stones were of the greatest importance.

A little later, fisticuffs, freestyle wrestling and just hand-to-hand fights were transformed into pankration - "terrible" wrestling, as the ancient Greeks called it. He combined fistfighting and wrestling. As a complex system of great military and applied importance, pankration was widely used in Greece and was included in the program of the Olympic, Pythian and Isthmian games. Fighting between the belligerents, who were armed with easily blunt and jagged weapons, could not do without struggle and pankration, especially since the belligerents did not seek to destroy the enemy’s manpower, but to a greater extent to capture it. It should be noted that in Ancient Sparta, hand-to-hand combat was so integral to physical education that it was referred to only as "Spartan gymnastics." Hand-to-hand combat in the form of wrestling, fisticuffs and pankration was taught in the so-called gymnasiums (educational institutions in ancient Greek cities). The degree of physical fitness of young men was tested during the festivities. Young Spartans tested their strength and dexterity during cryptia - night campaigns in which they caught and killed fugitive helots. At the festival in honor of the goddess Artemis, the young men had to endure a serious test of will and courage - they were scourged.

The popularity of wrestling, fisticuffs, pankration in Ancient Greece can be judged even by the fact that the outstanding philosopher and thinker Plato (real name Aristocles, 427-347 BC) was the winner in wrestling competitions at the Isthmian Games , and Pythagoras was the winner of the Olympic Games in fisticuffs.

It should also be said that hand-to-hand combat training in Greece was carried out in a complex manner, and was aimed at developing great physical strength, agility, speed, and endurance. So, in addition to regular training in handling weapons, fisticuffs, wrestling, running, jumping, and rock climbing were widely practiced.

With the conquest of Greece by Macedonia (337 BC), the further development of hand-to-hand combat was associated with Alexander the Great (Macedonian). However, the types of wrestling themselves have not undergone significant changes, although it should be recognized that due to the conquest of a significant part of the Ancient East by Alexander the Great, they spread far beyond the borders of Hellas.

From the 11th century BC Greece falls under the control of Rome. But the Roman conquerors did not make any changes to the existing types of wrestling, fisticuffs, pankration. In general, among the Romans, body training had an applied focus and was associated with military training. In fisticuffs, the fighters, who had previously used only a soft belt with which they wrapped their hands, began to use iron plates and copper hoops. Hand-to-hand fights began to take place more fiercely with a large number of injuries, injuries and damage. However, the feeling of fear of getting injured or a fatal blow made more serious demands on the technical preparedness of the fighters.

Not only a rough victory was valued, but also knowledge of technology, combat technology. "Chrysostom rhetorician" of the 1st century AD Dio Christosomos, as well as the renowned sophist Themisthios Ephrades, spoke with great admiration of Melonkomos' pugilist style, achieving victories over his rivals without injuring them. "There was a fist fighter among our ancestors - Melankomos, who became famous thanks to the beautiful and magnificent art of movement. According to legend, Emperor Titus also loved Melankomos very much because he never hurt anyone or even beat anyone, but only with the help of position and outstretched arms defeated his rivals, who left the battlefield, rejoicing in indulgence, even if he was defeated in battle.

Hand-to-hand combat played a large role in the possession of edged weapons. Until about 100 B.C. service in the army was one of the basic rights and obligations of a Roman citizen, and after the fall of the republic, the civilian army was replaced by a hired one. The Romans set up military camps and transfer the training of warriors there. Their training was based on systematic training, which included physical exercises, mainly during the period of the Roman Republic (V1-1 centuries BC) in training in wrestling and training fights on wooden sticks. In addition, training was conducted in running, jumping, swimming and overcoming obstacles. An important detail is that at first the training of soldiers was carried out in the nude, and only after that with full combat gear. This contributed to the development of endurance, hardening of the body and reduced sensitivity to shock.

Starting from the 3rd century BC. in Rome, gladiator fights are held, engulfing the entire republic. The ability to fence, wield a spear and a trident, fight with a shield and a short sword or dagger, as well as the use of other types of edged weapons, was achieved by tough, and sometimes merciless training methods. This contributed to the development of the technique and tactics of hand-to-hand combat.

In addition, the gladiators reached a high level of preparedness. This can be judged at least by the fact that only 70 rebellious gladiators under the leadership of Spartacus defeated the Roman detachment many times superior to them. Subsequently, the army led by Spartacus, who used gladiator training methods to train warriors, for many years dealt tangible blows to the military strength of the greatest state of the ancient world.

Hand-to-hand combat at the beginning of our era

Around the middle of the 1st millennium AD, the secret teaching of Tantrism was born in India. It was imprinted in the texts (tantras), which subsequently came to Tibet and China. Along with philosophical-religious and cosmogonic constructions, the doctrine developed various secret actions, including hand-to-hand combat of a clan nature. Mudras (gestures) that have come down to us from the Buddhist iconography of this theoretical teaching represent many well-known blocks (defenses) used in Far Eastern martial arts.

But their more important significance lay in the fact that they served as elements of meditation, i.e. means of psychological adjustment in extreme conditions. The names of the wise have been preserved: the mudra of concentration, the mudra of strength, strength and rage, the mudra of invisibility and invulnerability, the mudra of fearlessness. Tantric Buddhism, which developed the "teachings of the three sacraments" (thoughts, words and deeds), left a noticeable imprint on the martial arts in China and Japan, giving rise to a unique applied variety of yoga.

Generations of monks-warriors joined this esoteric teaching in order to acquire the "diamond fortress of the spirit." Due to the esoteric and clan nature, unfortunately little is known about the Tantric direction in hand-to-hand combat. Only a few names of systems and schools have survived. These are the schools of "White Crane", "Show Tao", "White Lotus", "Long Arm", "Iron Shirt", "Poison Hand".

At the beginning of the 11th century A.D. e. in China, the doctrine of the so-called "Taoist yoga" has already spread widely, which put forward many theories about the interaction of body and spirit. Until now, in "Taoist yoga", which provided the basis for many styles and directions in hand-to-hand combat, a bizarre mixture of mysticism with deeply thoughtful and reasonable research in physiology, psychology, autogenic training and reflexology has been preserved. However, it should be said that it was this kind of yoga that made a huge contribution to the development of the theoretical and practical base of martial arts.

Developing martial arts, Taoist masters developed poking methods of influencing various parts of the human body, both with bare hands and with the help of weapons. Poke blows were used not only in fisticuffs, but also in fencing with spears (the blows were applied not only with a point, but also with a blunt end), sticks (poles), swords (hit with a hilt or scabbard). The defeat of vulnerable points was also the basis of the technique of poke strikes when using improvised weapons - nuntyaku (short clubs in a sling and tonfa - a short stick with a transverse handle).

The effect of actions on the points was associated with the biologically active centers of the human body, the impact on which, depending on the strength of the poke and the biological activity of the center at a given point in time, could lead to serious injuries and illness, or death. The Taoists also used the same pressure on points with the opposite purpose in the healing system of acupressure. In the Taoist yoga of wrestling, much attention was paid to psychological preparation.

The main attachment of a person, the Taoists said, is an attachment to life, so the fear of death keeps him in a constant sense of fear. In this regard, the Taoists paid great attention to the achievement of fearlessness and contempt for death in preparation for hand-to-hand combat. On this occasion, the treatise Lao Tzu "Tao Te Ching" says: "I heard that who knows how to master life, walking on the ground, is not afraid of the rhinoceros and tiger, entering into battle, is not afraid of armed soldiers. The rhinoceros has nowhere to plunge into "He has his horn, the tiger has nowhere to lay his claws, and the soldiers have nowhere to hit him with the sword. What is the reason? This is because death does not exist for him."

In the period 190-265. in China, the physician Hua Tuo created gymnastics, both health-improving and martial, from the point of view of martial arts, in the direction called "Games of the Five Animals". Gymnastics consisted of imitating some of the movements of a bear, tiger, deer, monkey and crane. The movements that Hua Tuo developed included jumping, swinging, tilting, rotating, as well as the conscious regulation of muscle tension and breathing.

However, the quintessence of "Taoist Yoga", which has received the widest distribution in the field of martial arts, has become "the doctrine of the activity of qi" (qi gong). As a universal method of psychophysical training, qi-gong in all its manifestations pursued one goal - to constantly accumulate qi bioenergy in the body, control and direct its movement to activate all physiological and mental processes.

A little later, in the 6th century, the Chan sect (Japanese - Zen) began to spread in China, and then Japan, which, calling for the strengthening of the body and spirit, developed a system of psychophysical training in oriental martial arts. The art of concentration, mobilization of will and vital energy, developed first by the theorists of the "Taoist yoga of struggle", and then by the Chan patriarchs, has become an indispensable tool for warriors and monks studying the art of self-defense.

Hand-to-hand combat of the Middle Ages in the countries of the Far East region

The Chan sect (Jap. Zen) served as a new impetus in the development of the art of self-defense. The founder of a new trend in Buddhism - Chan, Buddhism, was the Indian monk-missionary Bodhidharma (VI century). The legendary patriarch of Chan Buddhism began his activities in the Shaolin Monastery by teaching monks the art of martial arts, combining hand-to-hand combat with special Chan psychotechnics.

One of the main methods of the Buddhist practice of psychic self-regulation was the so-called meditation (Sanskrit dhyana, Chinese chan-na, chan), and therefore in Chan Buddhism it has become one of the main methods of mental training and self-regulation. It should be noted that using the practice of mental regulation in the process of practicing martial arts, monks and warriors relied on traditions that were formed in the period of early Buddhism, prescribing in the learning process not only to subdue, educate and develop the will of a person or other mental functions, but also to control. Like the Taoists, practitioners of the Chan method believed that the strongest attachment that arouses the most acute emotions in people is their attachment to life. It is for this reason that they developed such forms of military applied art, through which the mental state of a person was tested. Martial arts were an excellent means of mental training. The very fact that in a duel a fighter faces real death contributed to the hardening of warriors "from the inside." Since the emerging feeling of fear in such conditions could completely paralyze all the actions of a warrior, the situation of martial arts, in which a fatal outcome was not ruled out, was regarded as especially favorable for training equanimity and detachment. In such situations, numerous emotions were aroused, to which it was necessary to practice dispassion or use to increase psycho-physiological activity in relation to the conditions of the battle. So, for example, outwardly it was necessary to be able to demonstrate rage, bitterness, fury, etc., while internally maintaining complete calm. Thus, already at the beginning of the Middle Ages in China, one of the leading places in the preparation of warriors for martial arts was occupied by psychological preparation. By this period, a large number of different schools and directions of martial arts appeared in China, and the process of their further development and improvement continues.

Approximately at the turn, starting from the 15th to the 17th centuries, they finally add up to the wushu system. Then the most famous directions stand out. Geographically, they are divided into northern and southern schools. The style features were that in the north more attention was paid to the technique of legs (kicks prevailed in the duel, including jumps;) in the south, punches were preferred. In addition, in both parts of the country, possession of a cold weapons and hand tools. These were spears, swords, knives, sticks, ordinary staffs, hoes, chains, crutches, etc. could also be used. In skillful hands, any object turned into a powerful means of protection. Hand-to-hand combat in China during the Middle Ages was formed as an integral system of physical and mental improvement. Moreover, hand-to-hand combat was considered as an excellent system of psychological preparation of a warrior.

Similarly, martial arts developed in Japan, Korea, Vietnam and other neighboring countries of this region. In Japan, this is karate, jujutsu, aikido, judo. In addition, there were ninja and yamabushi clan sects in Japan, as well as a samurai training system. In Korea, hapkido and taekwang-do were common, and in Vietnam - Viet-vo-dao. In these countries, there were peculiar interpretations of Chinese wushu, reflecting national characteristics.

The secrets of martial arts in Japan are rooted in the early Middle Ages and have direct analogues in the martial arts of China, Korea, Vietnam, and Burma. They included training in fencing, possession of a spear, archery, vaulting, possession of a flail, horn, iron club, stick, pole, gaff and improvised weapons, and self-defense without weapons was also included. However, a characteristic feature of hand-to-hand combat in Japan, as in China, was psychophysical training. An important role was played by Zen Buddhism, which included breathing and meditative exercises in its practice. The purpose of psychophysical training in the training system of samurai, ninja and yamabushi was to acquire the mental ability to adapt to any extreme situation.

It should be noted that at the end of the Middle Ages, around the 17th century, an interesting type of martial art appeared on the American continent - capoeira. The history of the development of capoeira is connected with the colonial period in Brazil. Black slaves, delivered from the east coast of Africa, brought their rhythms and cult dances to Brazil. Masquerading as the performance of African warlike dances, the slaves developed techniques for defending and attacking an unarmed against an armed enemy. In the technique of capoeira, special attention was paid to dexterity and coordination of movements, attacks were practiced in jumps, flips, somersaults and even somersaults. In addition, movement in a handstand and in kicking from such positions were used. Currently, capoeira is part of the physical training program in the Brazilian army.

Hand-to-hand combat in Russia of the 6th-14th centuries

During the Middle Ages in Russia, elements of martial arts and some methods of hand-to-hand combat had pronounced features. First of all, this applies to fisticuffs that have become widespread.

In the squads, the training was of a complex, applied nature. Warriors were taught horse riding, archery, wielding a spear, sword, ax and other weapons. One of the forms of education was memorial games, which were arranged on mounds during the burial of comrades (trizna). The warriors stormed the hill, trying to capture its top. Russian warriors, as a rule, did not use heavy protective armor. The main qualities that the Russian warrior counted on in battle were dexterity, flexibility and quick reaction. Hand-to-hand (in the Old Slavic language - opash) means waving your arms.

However, it would be incorrect to say that hand-to-hand combat in Russia represented movements and blows only with hands. This is confirmed by old Russian expressions, such as “Moscow beats from the toe, meaning a sweep or kick with the front foot, which was widely used in fisticuffs in Moscow.

Fisticuffs in the Middle Ages in Russia were one of the ways to prepare warriors for battles. Fights were often fought with the use of protective devices that covered the arm from the wrist to the elbow. In battle, warriors often threw weapons to the ground and struck with forged handcuffs and calves that protected the arm to the elbow. In more ancient times, the bracer was simply a weaving of rawhide leather belts. This was due to the fact that the blow in the bracer was heavy, and the execution technique was carried out (with good preparation) easily and quickly. The legs were not neglected either. For their protection, chain mail or leather greaves were used. All sorts of hooks or spikes could be attached to the greaves with straps. Consequently, with the skillful use of such devices, the warrior's leg could represent a formidable force. Despite the fact that martial arts were called differently in different regions (the people of Vladimir - circled, the people of Pskov - skobar, etc.) and each locality developed its own favorite techniques, in the Middle Ages in Russia there were already four distinct directions in a fist fight - this is Ryazan, Moscow, Novgorod, and Vyatka. An example of military art and fortitude in Russia was also the period of the reign of Svyatoslav - 968. In Russia, folk epic songs were composed about heroes and good fellows, which describe their exploits and adventures. Among the people, these narratives were called "stars" or "oldies", testifying to their antiquity and claim to authenticity.

Russia spent 2/3 of its existence in wars. This allowed him to accumulate vast experience in martial arts. Bogatyrdom in Russia - valor, courage and bravery of warriors, their sacrifice for the sake of victory was based on the way of life and in the education of the Russians. In Russia, they were not afraid of death and prepared for it from birth. I would especially like to emphasize that the warriors were not just not afraid of death or despised it, but rejoiced in it - death for the good, dying with joy and a smile on their faces. There was no artificial, as in the East, preparation for death, which keeps a person in fear throughout life. In Russia, they were preparing for death, as for another unearthly life, and it was considered a great honor to die for the fatherland and for one's friends.

Games and physical exercises in work with children

From ancient times, the wisdom and experience of physical culture have come down to the present day, which play a huge role in everyday life. Various games and physical exercises of those times can be used in the current work with children, as well as teaching a healthy lifestyle.

As the child ages, exercise should take an increasing place in the daily routine. They are a factor contributing to an increase in adaptation not only to muscle activity, but also to cold and hypoxia. Physical activity contributes to the normal development of the central nervous system, improving memory, learning processes, normalizing the emotional and motivational sphere, improving sleep, and increasing opportunities not only in physical, but also in mental activity. To increase muscle activity, physical exercises are necessary to improve motor processes and skills, posture, and prevent the development of flat feet.

In preschool institutions, physical exercises are carried out in the form of group gymnastic classes and some sports entertainment. The child's clothing should be loose and not restrict movement. To add variety and fascination to classes, it is necessary to use various objects and equipment: balls, flags, hoops, benches, ladders. It is important that the inventory is appropriate for the height and age of the child.

From the age of 3, morning exercises can be done daily, initially from 5-6 minutes (3 years) and up to 10-12 minutes (6 years). In addition, it is planned to conduct physical education once a month for 15-20 minutes for children 3 years old and up to 40 minutes for children 6 years old. The duration of classes with children of the 5th year of life is 25-30 minutes. The introductory and preparatory parts of the classes take 6-7 minutes. At the 6th and 7th years of life, classes are held for 30-35 minutes.

In addition to special classes, children perform daily morning hygiene exercises, and during walks they play outdoor games, master some types of sports entertainment (sledges, skis, bicycles, scooters, swimming).

A special place is occupied by morning exercises, which should be introduced as an obligatory part of the regimen for a child from 5-6 years old. Morning gymnastics complexes should include imitation movements, exercises for the development of the muscles of the body, squats, pull-ups, walking, jumping and running.

In children of this age, exercises and movements should be associated with the game or imitation of the game. During classes, it is necessary to alternate exercises for all muscle groups. At the same time, walking, running, jumping, climbing are improved.

In the 4th year of life, children should fully master the skills of walking. To improve walking, children are given a different pace. In the classroom, walking is carried out in the introductory and final parts.

Starting from the 4th year, other forms of movements are improved. During the run, a short phase of flight, coordination of the work of the arms and legs should appear. Various exercises are used to develop the loco-motion of running - a change in the rhythm of running (acceleration and deceleration), hurdle running - the child must jump over the rope on the run. During exercises for the development of running and walking, it is necessary to monitor the position of the head and posture.

Children from 3-6 years old can ski, skate, ride a bicycle, scooter, master the elements of sports games - badminton, table tennis, football, etc. It is important to choose the right sports props, sportswear and shoes in such a way that they do not There was hypothermia and overheating during classes.

It is fundamentally important that in classes with 3-4-year-old children, complexity and labor intensity gradually increase. Also, gradually, exercises are included in the classes, which should be performed using various objects and technical means with the help of adults. Children especially love these exercises. It is most expedient to carry out physical exercises in the open air with the use of sports equipment-horizontal bars, ladders, logs, etc.

Morning gymnastics consists of running, 3-4 general developmental exercises, walking, running and jumping. Usually, gymnastics begins with a short walk and a slow run (20-30 s). After building, the children perform movements such as stretching. For morning exercises, exercises recommended for ordinary physical education are used: imitation movements, movements while sitting on a bench, lying on your back and on your stomach. Each movement is repeated 4-5 times, then running or bouncing. Finish the morning exercises with a calm walk.

Increased motor mode can be a factor in a significant reduction in the incidence of colds in children.

In recent years, methods have been developed for conducting physical education classes with children of preschool age in the open air throughout the year [Ivanova O. G., Frolov V. G., Yurko G. P.]. It has been established that if the developed methodology is followed, the level of health in children increases, and the incidence of disease decreases.

Systematic swimming also reduces morbidity, increases lung capacity, and skeletal muscle strength. However, such a hardening effect of swimming can only be achieved if the developed recommendations are followed.

It is necessary to accustom children to water from 3-4 years. To do this, you can swim in a clean open reservoir - in a lake, river, sea, swimming pool (open or closed). Adults enter a shallow place in the reservoir with the child. He is taught not to be afraid of water. The duration of a child's stay in water with a temperature of 25°C at the age of 4 years is 2-3 minutes.

Bathing and preparation for swimming in kindergarten, in the polyclinic pool are carried out by a teacher or

In a sitting position on the shore of a reservoir or in the hall, the child rests behind his hands, straightens his legs and makes several movements up and down. Then the same movements are made in the water at a shallow place in a reservoir or swimming pool.

Games and fun help to master simple but necessary movements in the water:

Herons. Children, having entered the water up to their knees, walk, raising their legs high.

Woodcutter in the water. 6-7 children, standing in a circle in the water up to their knees, spread their legs wider than their shoulders, fold their hands “in the lock”, raise them above their heads, then sharply lean forward - “cut the water”.

"Show me your heels." In a shallow place, rest your hands on the bottom, straighten up and stretch your legs back so that your heels are visible on the surface of the water.

Circle riding. The child puts on an inflatable rubber circle or sits on it and rides, raking his hands like oars.

Preparation for swimming of children of the 6th year of life. After repeating the exercises previously learned for mastering in the water, they move on to new exercises - they master the exercise for exhaling into the water, sliding on the chest, and leg movements.

First, they are taught to exhale into the water on the shore. Children are offered to blow off a small piece of paper from the palm of their hand. Then they move on to exercises in the water. The child is in the water at a depth to the waist, puts his lips at the level of the surface of the water and blows on it, like hot tea. Then he lowers his lips into the water and blows out of the water, then plunges into the water below the level of the eyes and does the same. Exercises are carried out several times in one session, repeating them at each subsequent session.

Immersion in water is nothing but an element of diving. The simplest diving exercises, in addition to the ability to hold your breath in the water and exhale, introduce the child to the lifting power of the water, which is a necessary skill in mastering swimming.

Gliding training. At the same time, they teach the child to maintain a horizontal position of the body in the water, to maintain balance. First, on land, the position of the body in the water is imitated. Children raise their hands up and stand on their toes; the head is held between the hands, looking straight, pulling up so as to be straight "like an arrow."

Gliding in water is carried out as follows. The child enters the water waist-deep facing the shore, then sits down and stretches his arms forward. Pushing off the bottom with both feet, it slides through the water. To reduce the specific weight of the body in water, and thereby facilitate gliding, at the first stage of training, children are asked to take a deep breath before repulsion and gliding. With systematic exercises, they quickly master the dynamic and static lifting force of water, begin to feel “reliance on water”.

Exercise for mastering sliding is performed 6-8 times.

Exercises to master the movements of the legs are first carried out on the shore, and then lying in the water in a shallow place. In the prone position in the water (on the back or stomach), the child leans on one hand. The legs must be stretched and spread shoulder-width apart and smoothly moved up and down. At the same time, the feet foam the water. The knees should not bend too much during this exercise. Such leg movements prepare the child for crawl swimming.

In the future, it is necessary to consolidate the learned movements in games and fun. You can offer children to walk in the water, helping themselves with strokes with their right and left hands, or in a shallow place, lying in the water, alternately rely on their right and left hands and thus move forward. In this case, the legs should move up and down.

Fountain game. 3-4 players enter the water in a shallow place and, holding hands, form a circle, then lower their hands, sit on the bottom, leaning back with their hands, and stretch their legs. At the signal of an adult, everyone simultaneously begins to beat with straight legs on the water, raising a fountain of spray.

At the 7th year of life, the exercises mastered in previous years of training are repeated: exhalation into the water, sliding. In one lesson, the number of such exercises increases to 12-20.

At this age, when fixing the exhalation exercise in the water, children are taught to open their eyes in the water, look around, and get toys from the bottom. These exercises are best done in pairs. To improve the skill of sliding, the number of exercises per session is increased to 8-10. The length of the slide increases. In this case, the child should push off with his feet more intensively. During this period, children are taught to make a gradual entry into the water while sliding.

The next stage in learning to swim is associated with mastering the ability to move the legs correctly when sliding both on the chest and on the back. To do this, first use a rubber circle or foam board. The child holds the circle or board with outstretched arms. Vigorously pushing off with their feet from the wall of the pool or the bottom, the children slide in an extended position. The up and down movements of the legs during the first exercises begin only at the end of the slide.

Swimming distance increases throughout the training cycle.

As the skill of sliding with a board or a circle is mastered, it is necessary to teach children to breathe correctly when swimming: exhale into the water, and when inhaling, raise their head only so that their mouth is above the water.

Learning the movements of the hands in the crawl swimming method itself is carried out as follows. You must first stretch your arms forward, and then move them to the thigh. The stroke is carried out alternately with the left and right hands. During the stroke with the right hand, the left is pulled forward. It is important to coordinate the movements of the arms and legs - with each movement of the arm, the legs perform 3-4 alternating movements. The distance that the child swims in the first lessons should be small. Having swum 4-5 m, the child should stand up, rest and only then swim again. Such periodic motor activity is completely physiological when learning new physical exercises. As the skills of moving arms and legs are mastered, the distance of independent swimming increases.

In addition to learning to swim, it is necessary to teach children to jump into the water.

The first jumps into the water are jumping feet first from a height that should not exceed half the height of the child. Then they increase the complexity of the jumps: first they jump to a depth to the chest, then to the neck, to the mouth, and finally, they dive headlong. The next stage is jumping to the depth, where the baby, after jumping, does not reach the bottom. The training cycle is completed by jumping from a gradually increasing height. A necessary element in learning to dive is the exercise of diving into the water head down. Diving develops the ability to overcome stressful situations, develop elements of courage and self-confidence.

The total duration of stay of children 5-6 years old in water, the temperature of which is about 24-25°C, is 10-15 minutes 2 times a week.

Conclusion

At the present stage, the task of turning the mass physical culture movement into a nationwide one based on a scientifically based system of physical education, which covers all social strata of society, is being solved. There are state systems of program-assessment standards and requirements for physical development and preparedness of various age groups of the population.

Compulsory physical education classes government programs are held in preschool institutions, in all types of educational institutions, in the army.

Since ancient times, the Olympic Games have been the main sporting event of all times and peoples. In the days of the Olympiads, harmony and reconciliation reigned throughout the earth. Wars stopped and all strong and worthy people competed in a fair fight for the title of the best.

Over the centuries, the Olympic movement has overcome many obstacles, oblivion and alienation. But despite everything, the Olympic Games are alive to this day. Of course, this is no longer the competition in which naked young men took part and the winner of which entered the city through a breach in the wall. Today, the Olympic Games are one of the biggest events in the world. Games are equipped with the latest technology - computers and television cameras monitor the results, the time is determined to the nearest thousandth of a second, the athletes and their results largely depend on the technical equipment.

Thanks to the media, there is not a single person left in the civilized world. Which I didn’t know - I wouldn’t have seen the Olympics or I wouldn’t have seen the competition on TV.

In recent years, the Olympic movement has acquired a huge scale and the capitals of the Games for the duration of the Games become the capitals of the world. Sport plays an increasingly important role in people's lives.

Familiarization with the rich cultural heritage of ancient Rome, which was the result of the synthesis and further development of the physical cultural achievements of the peoples of antiquity (the ancient East and ancient Greece), makes it possible to better understand the foundations of European civilization, show new aspects in the development of ancient heritage, establish living links between antiquity and modernity, a deeper understanding of modernity.

We see that hand-to-hand combat is one of the oldest types of physical culture. Over the many millennia of its development and existence, it has become not only a method of self-defense, but also a way of spiritual and physical self-improvement of people. It is impossible to list the number of types and styles of hand-to-hand combat, each of which has its own historical and philosophical base. Unfortunately, recently the spiritual foundations of martial arts have been forgotten, mainly physical training and practical application are taken into account, while it is impossible to achieve perfect mastery of one or another type of martial art without knowledge of the techniques of concentration and self-knowledge.

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